SBR反应器厌氧氨氧化系统启动过程中细菌群落结构的变化

以白洋淀岸边带沉积物为接种污泥,启动了SBR厌氧氨氧化反应器.对反应器启动过程中的进出水水质进行了连续监测,并采用PCRDGGE、定量PCR和基因测序等分子生物学技术研究了系统内总细菌和厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)细菌群落结构随培养时间的变化规律.结果表明:在启动过程中,总微生物菌群动态变化水平为26.6%~50.5%;微生物多样性先变小后增大,优势菌种得到重新分布;ANAMMOX细菌的群落结构变得单一化,最后系统的优势ANAMMOX细菌是Brocadia属.富集培养阶段SBR系统中ANAMMOX细菌的最大生物量达到了1.73×109copies·g~(-1)干污泥,而且总氮的去除率最高达到约82%.     

太湖梅梁湾附生细菌和游离细菌群落结构分析

细菌是浮游藻类群落结构重要的生物调节因子之一.采用PCR-DGGE技术研究太湖梅梁湾水域的菌群结构,主要分析水华发展阶段和暴发阶段该水域附生细菌和游离细菌的群落结构,以获得富营养化水体更丰富的微生态信息,探讨附生细菌和游离细菌在水华过程中可能具有的重要生态功能.结果表明,附生菌群结构简单,具有较高的时空稳定性,是水华发展阶段的优势菌群,其优势种群主要为α-proteobacteria和γ-proteobacteria;比较而言,游离菌群具有明显的时间差异性,水华发展阶段的种群多样性非常低,水华暴发阶段的则相当高,从而成为这一时期的优势菌群,以Actinobacteria和α-proteobacteria为主.此外,在水华发展与暴发阶段均发现淡水水体中较为罕见的SAR11种群,且这类细菌在附生菌群和游离菌群中均可检测到.     

养猪废水培养微生物絮凝剂产生菌群B-737及发酵特性

用养猪废水作为产絮菌群B-737的廉价替代培养基,研究了养猪废水COD浓度、外加草酸铵、磷酸盐的量对B-737菌群生长和产絮效果的影响,并在最优培养基下进行发酵动力学模型拟合.结果表明,该养猪废水本身具有较合适的碳氮比(COD约为3 000 mg.L-1,TN约为170 mg.L-1),无需外加碳、氮源,只添加1.6 g.L-1K2HPO4,0.8 g.L-1KH2PO4时,菌群B-737在其中发酵18～24 h便能达到1.5 g.L-1产絮量,同时对废水本身COD、TN削减率分别为61.9%和53.6%.不仅将微生物絮凝剂的培养基成本降低90%左右,也为养猪废水提供了一条新的资源化途径.用Logistic和Luedeking-Piert方程分别研究产絮菌群B-737分批发酵的生长和产絮动力学,获得了相应的动力学模式.     

Effect of humic acids and sunlight on the cytotoxicity of engineered zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to a river bacterial assemblage

The effect of a terrestrial humic acid (HA) and Suwannee River HA on the cytotoxicity of engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) to natural aquatic bacterial assemblages was measured with spread plate counting. The effect of HA (10 and 40 ppm) on the cytotoxicity of ZnONPs and TiO2NPs was tested factorially in the presence and absence of natural sunlight (light irradiation (LI)). The experiment was of full factorial, completely randomized design and the results were analyzed using the General Linear Model in SAS analytical software. The method of least squares means was used to separate the means or combinations of means. We determined the mechanism of toxicity via measurements of oxidative stress and metal ions. The toxicity of ZnONPs and TiO2NPs to natural aquatic bacterial assemblages appears to be concentration dependent. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of ZnONPs and TiO2NPs appeared to be affected by HA concentration, the presence of sunlight irradiation, and the dynamic multiple interactions among these factors. With respect to light versus darkness in the control group, the data indicate that bacterial viability was inhibited more in the light exposure than in the darkness exposure. The same was true in the HA treatment groups. With respect to terrestrial versus Suwanee River HA for a given nanoparticle, in light versus darkness, bacterial viability was more inhibited in the light treatment groups containing the terrestrial HA than in those containing Suwanee River HA. Differences in the extent of reactive oxygen species formation, adsorption/binding of ZnONPs/TiO2NPs by HA, and the levels of free metal ions were speculated to account for the observed cytotoxicity. TEM images indicate the attachment and binding of the tested nanoparticles to natural bacterial assemblages. Besides the individual parameter, significant effects on bacterial viability count were also observed in the following combined treatments: HA-ZnONPs, HA-LI, ZnONPs-LI, and HA-ZnONPs-LI. The main effects of all independent variables, plus interaction effects in all cases were significant with TiO2NPs.     

Biodegradation of organochlorine pesticide endosulfan by bacterial strain Alcaligenes faecalis JBW4

The recently discovered endosulfan-degrading bacterial strain Alcaligenesfaecalis JBW4 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain is able to use endosulfan as a carbon and energy source. The optimal conditions for the growth of strain JBW4 and for biodegradation by this strain were identified, and the metabolic products of endosulfan degradation were studied in detail. The maximum level of endosulfan biodegradation by strain JBW4 was obtained using broth at an initial pH of 7.0, an incubation temperature of 40℃ and an endosulfan concentration of I00 mg/L. The concentration of endosulfan was determined by gas chromatography. Strain JBW4 was able to degrade 87.5% of α-endosulfan and 83.9% of β-endosulfan within 5 days. These degradation rates are much higher than the previously reported bacterial strains. Endosulfan diol and endosulfan lactone were the major metabolites detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; endosulfan sulfate, which is a persistent and toxic metabolite, was not detected. These results suggested that A. faecalis JBW4 degrades endosulfan via a non-oxidative pathway. The biodegradation of endosulfan by A. faecalis is reported for the first time. Additionally, the present study indicates that strain JBW4 may have potential for the biodegradation of endosulfan residues.     

典型工业区地下水细菌群落多样性特征与环境因子响应初探

为探究上海市典型工业区地下水细菌群落组成结构和多样性,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,结合地下水三氮、重金属和有机物等指标分析,探讨典型行业地下水细菌群落与环境因子的关联性及响应机制.结果表明,石油化工业地下水的氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)显著高于纺织业、金属制品业和其他行业(P<0.05),分别高出64.49%、 32.46%和113.91%;有机物主要检出指标为总石油烃(TPH)和挥发酚,石油化工业的地下水挥发酚浓度显著高于纺织业、金属制品业和其他行业(P<0.05);金属制品业砷(As)浓度显著高于石油化工业和其他行业(P<0.05),分别高出49.26%和50.59%;氯化物(Cl^-)、锰(Mn)和硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)等在不同行业中都存在显著性差异(P<0.05).纺织业地下水细菌群落Shannon指数最高,达到3.14,金属制品业地下水Shannon指数和Ace指数最低,分别为2.42和960.46.工业区地下水细菌中优势菌门为变形菌门...     

生物炭固定耐镉菌群对Cd2+的吸附及作用机制

从广西某硫化尾矿中分离出一耐镉菌群,将其固定在生物炭上制成固定化菌剂.同时,探究了生物炭种类、添加量、溶液pH、Cd²⁺初始浓度对固定化菌剂吸附Cd²⁺性能的影响,并结合吸附动力学、吸附等温线、16S rDNA、SEM、FTIR、XPS等分析测试手段研究了固定化菌剂对Cd²⁺的吸附过程和作用机制.结果表明,竹生物炭制备的固定化菌剂(ZBCM)对Cd²⁺的吸附效果最佳,在Cd²⁺浓度为20 mg·L^-1、pH=6、生物炭投加量为3 g·L^-1的条件下,ZBCM对Cd²⁺的吸附率达89.49%,较生物炭和单菌群的吸附率分别提高了54.6%和53.51%.从属水平上看,菌群主要由梭状芽孢杆菌、毛梭菌和产己酸菌构成,ZBCM吸附Cd²⁺后优势菌变为副梭菌、毛梭菌和贪铜菌,贪铜菌丰度的增长增强了ZBCM对Cd²⁺的络合和生物积累作用.ZBCM对Cd²⁺的吸附...     

海水养殖尾水直排对河道沉积物细菌群落的影响

海水养殖活动对周边水域沉积物生态环境的影响日益受到关注,微生物群落是反映环境质量变化的一个重要指标.本研究采集了养殖区进出水河道4个位点(1个进水渠位点、出水口和2个出水渠位点)的沉积物,通过Illumina MiSeq测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,利用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)技术对沉积物中的微生物群落进行半定量分析,研究海水养殖尾水直接排放对河道沉积物细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,4个位点中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势细菌类型,主要包括γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、δ-变形菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria).受养殖尾水排放影响,沉积物微生物生物量明显升高,放线菌门相对丰度降低而拟杆菌门相对丰度升高,氨氧化微生物相对丰度降低.非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析表明大部分沉积物细菌群落按位点聚类.多样性分析表明,未受养殖尾水影响的沉积物细菌群落多样性高于受养殖尾水影响的位点.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明氨氮与底泥沉积物细菌群落结构的相关性最大,对细菌群落的影响最明显.综上,养殖废水直排明显改变了养殖场河道沉积物物理化学性质和细菌群落结构,说明养殖废水的长期直排已严重污染河道环境,并可能会进一步对近海生态环境造成威胁.     

岩溶与非岩溶区水稻土团聚体细菌群落结构和功能类群比较

研究岩溶与非岩溶区土壤团聚体中微生物群落结构和功能类群异同,可以为揭示岩溶区土壤有机微生物与团粒结构稳定之间的互作机制提供理论依据.以岩溶与非岩溶稻田的耕层土壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法将团聚体分为大团聚体(0.25～2 mm)、微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)和粉、黏粒组分(<0.053 mm),通过高通量测序对土壤团聚体微生物群落结构进行分析,并采用共现网络分析细菌关键类群以及利用FAPROTAX进行功能预测.结果表明,(1)岩溶区大团聚体质量占比为30.94%,团聚体平均质量直径和几何平均直径分别为0.41 mm和0.15 mm,这3个项目均显著高于非岩溶区,表明岩溶区的环境有利于团聚体的形成;(2)岩溶区3个粒径团聚体的酸杆菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌(Gp3、 Gp4和Gp6)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属等相对丰度均高于非岩溶区.岩溶区微团聚体中的绿弯菌门的相对丰度(6.13%)显著高于粉、黏粒组分(2.79%);(3)共现网络分析表明,变形菌门和酸杆菌门为3个粒径团聚体中的关键类群.岩溶区微团聚体中细菌正相关边(65.5%)最高,相互关系多为协同关系;(4)岩溶区土壤3个粒径团聚体中...     

菌渣与化肥配施对稻田土壤微生物群落组成及多样性的影响

菌渣是一种独特而丰富的有机物料,与化肥配施不仅能改良土壤质量还可以调控微生物群落.然而,土壤细菌和真菌对菌渣与化肥配施的响应是否一致仍不清楚.在水稻田间长期定位试验条件下,设置化肥水平(C)0%、 50%和100%,菌渣相对用量(F)0%、 50%和100%各3个水平,共9个处理,对土壤肥力与微生物群落的相关指标进行测定.结果表明,土壤全氮(TN)在C₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,碳氮比(C/N)、全磷(TP)、可溶性碳(DOC)和有效磷(AP)在C₁₀₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,土壤有机碳(SOC)、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)和pH在C₅₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,较对照分别增加了55.56%、 26.18%、 26.46%、 17.13%、 279.54%、 85.57%、 41.61%、 29.33%和4.62%.菌渣与化肥配施后,不同处理土壤细菌和真菌α-多样性存在显著变化,与对照C₀F₀处理相比较,各处理细菌β-多样性...