中国湖泊细菌群落的生物地理分布格局及驱动机制——基于文献数据的统计分析

为阐明中国湖泊细菌群落的生物地理分布格局及驱动机制,基于已发表文献,收集了228个湖泊的浮游或沉积物细菌门水平分类数据和环境因子数据进行分析.结果表明:中国湖泊浮游细菌群落的优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,35.92%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,25.03%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,10.77%),沉积物中的优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,40.37%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,8.74%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,8.55%).中国湖泊浮游细菌距离衰减程度显著低于沉积物细菌;湖泊细菌群落结构在北方、南方、青藏高原的空间差异显著,北方水体及沉积物中细菌的距离衰减模式均不显著,南方水体中显著但沉积物中不显著,青藏高原水体及沉积物中均显著.浮游细菌优势类群中除Proteobacteria外,Actinobacteria (南方>北方>青藏高原)和Bacteroidetes (青藏高原>北方>南方)的丰度在三个地区均具有显著差异;沉积物细菌优势类群Proteobacteria (北方>南方>青藏高原)、Chloroflexi (南方>北方>青藏高原)、Bacteroidetes (青藏高原>北方>南方)的丰度在三个地区均具有显著差异.影响北方湖泊浮游细菌群落分布的主要环境因子是溶解性有机碳,南方是溶解氧,青藏高原是硝酸盐氮;影响北方湖泊沉积物细菌群落分布的主要环境因子是总氮和pH值,南方是总磷,青藏高原是pH值.空间扩散限制与环境筛选作用共同塑造了中国湖泊细菌的生物地理分布格局.扩散限制对浮游细菌的影响小于沉积物细菌,对青藏高原湖泊浮游及沉积物细菌影响最大,对北方湖泊浮游及沉积物细菌影响最小;环境筛选作用对青藏高原湖泊浮游及沉积物细菌影响最大,对南方湖泊浮游细菌及北方湖泊沉积物细菌影响较小.     

衬砌对河道底泥细菌群落同质化的影响

以高度人工化的再生水补给河道—北运河京津冀流域为研究区,对具有不同河道生境类型的上游与中下游底泥中的细菌群落多样性、组成及环境选择模式进行对比分析.结果表明：中下游河道衬砌工程促进底泥生境特征同质化,进而导致中下游底泥细菌群落同质化.上游细菌群落空间周转率（0.0002）相比较,中下游群落具有较低的空间周转率（0.00002）,并在排序图上呈现更紧凑的分布特点.与上游自然生境条件下的群落组成相比较,由于衬砌条件下非优势组分的片段类型多样性较高,优势组分的片段类型多样性及相对丰度较低,最终使得同质化群落表现为较低的丰富度.RDA模型（P=0.002）分析表明,衬砌和TP是影响细菌群落空间变化的主导环境因素,而大环内酯类和四环素类抗生素则对群落结构类内变异起作用.纤维杆菌门（Fibrobacteres）、纤细菌门（Gracilibacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、Acetothermia的片段类型多样性和费希尔菌门（Fischerbacteria）、Kiritimatiellaeota、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）的相对丰度均与衬砌高度相关.     

云南地区种子植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的空间分布格局

植物区系地理分布格局的研究有助于更好地理解植物区系的起源、迁移和分化。研究利用覆盖云南地区全境的植物区系分布信息,探讨了云南地区植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的地理分布格局。结果表明,所有热带区系属的多度均随着纬度升高呈递减趋势;大多数温带区系属的多度随着纬度的升高呈递增趋势。中亚分布(T13)属的多度的高值主要出现在滇西北地区,尤其是在金沙江、澜沧江和怒江的上游地区,但在其它地区十分少见。地中海、西亚至中亚分布(T12)属的多度的高值也出现在滇西北地区,但在其它地区无明显空间分布规律;中国特有分布(T15)属在滇西北地区最为丰富,其次是滇东南地区,大致以"田中线"为界,界线以西地区的中国植物特有属的多度明显低于界线以东地区。从南到北,植物区系过渡性基本上呈单调递增格局,这一格局的形成可能与区系成分的迁移和地形格局有关。大理州以南的低海拔地区,热带区系成分占据主导地位,并占据了云南大部分的土地面积,这在一定程度上证实了云南地区总体上是一个"热带山原"的假说。本研究与其它研究的不同可能源于与源数据和取样尺度的差异。     

Influence of 1,2,4,5-tetrazine derivatives on growth of bacterial consortium isolated from soil

This article presents the results of laboratory studies of the influence of tetrazine derivatives on the growth kinetic parameters of soil bacteria. 3,6-Dihydrazinotetrazine (DHTz), 3,6- bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DMPDHT) and N,N′-bis(1,2,4,5-tetrazine-6-(3,5-dimethylpirazylo))hydrazine (BDMPT) were applied. 3,6-Dihydrazinetetrazine had the largest influence on the growth of bacteria, reflected in a significant lengthening of the lag-phase and a decrease in the specific growth rate. Dehydrogenase activity was also determined in bacterial cultures exposed to tetrazine derivatives. Dehydrogenases remained active even at DHTz concentrations of 80 mg · L^?1, which completely inhibited bacterial growth. The compounds studied variously influence the kinetics of growth in the bacterial consortium; at the same time, they undergo biodegradation in soil by autochthonous microflora.     

青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系的构成特征

在资料分析和2013年夏秋二季进行的实地调查基础上研究了青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系的科属种构成、种的生活型构成、属的地理分布区类型构成,并比较了青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系与青岛崂山种子植物区系、中国种子植物区系属的地理分布区类型构成差异。结果表明,青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系有种子植物69科155属228种,有含5种及以上的12个较大科、124个单种属、183种木本植物和45种草本植物,有热带分布属32属、温带分布属95属、世界分布属14属和中国特有属14属。青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系有植物种类丰富多样,木本植物种类多,区系中属、种的分化程度高,属的地理分布区类型多样且具有很典型的温带特征和鲜明的中国特色等特点。     

辽东湾大凌河口湿地土壤微生物群落分析

土壤微生物对湿地生态系统的物质转化和能量流动具有重要作用,目前对天然湿地的微生物资源及群落结构缺少研究。应用PCR-DGGE技术研究辽东湾大凌河口湿地土壤中的微生物群落结构,并对其群落组成进行分析,结合冗余分析（RDA）方法考察环境因子对微生物群落结构的影响。共设定7个站位采集土壤样品,直接提取样品中微生物的总DNA,以巢式PCR扩增细菌16S rDNA-V3区片段,应用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）技术分离片段,研究河口区湿地土壤细菌的群落结构。结果表明：辽东湾大凌河口区土壤具有较为丰富的细菌种群,主要包含Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Bacteroidetes几大类门,且同一季节采集的样品在聚类分析图上聚类成簇。RDA分析表明,土壤的温度与盐度2个变量分别解释了6.5%、2.3%的土壤细菌群落结构变化,表明大凌河口区土壤的群落结构变化是多种环境因子共同作用的结果,其中温度的影响略大于盐度。     

不同原料厌氧发酵及其微生物种群的研究

使用PCR-DGGE技术,对以鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、秸秆为发酵原料的发酵体系的微生物群落多样性进行了研究.在发酵不同时间取样,进行了日产甲烷量、日产甲烷浓度的变化分析和DGGE分析.结果表明,日产甲烷量整体趋势为猪粪>鸡粪>秸秆>牛粪,日平均产甲烷量分别为2.67、2.24、0.99、0.49L;猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆的日产甲烷浓度在整个发酵周期大多可维持在50%以上,牛粪的日产甲烷浓度大部分时间低于30%;细菌的优势菌群有拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、密螺旋体属(Treponema)、厌氧绳菌科(Anaerolineaceae)等,新增优势菌群有梭菌属(Clostridium)、脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)、毛螺旋菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio);古菌的优势菌群有甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales),新增优势菌群有斯氏甲烷球菌属(Methanosphaera stadtmanae).     

营养盐与盐双重胁迫下水体中浮游细菌的响应

为阐释干旱地区内陆湖泊微生物群落对营养盐和盐双重胁迫的响应机制,针对干旱、半干旱地区许多湖泊水体受咸化与富营养化双重影响的特点,通过454高通量测序16S rRNA基因和多元统计分析,研究水体营养盐和盐的添加对细菌群落结构、多样性变化的影响. 结果表明,盐与营养盐的输入引起了水体中细菌群落组成和多样性的显著变化, 具体表现为:①随着盐度(以w计)的升高,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)的相对丰度显著增加,从对照处理的16.0%±4.6%增至SO(贫营养-盐水)处理的39.8%±18.1%;但会受到水体营养水平的制约. ②富营养水平下,微咸条件(盐度为1.5‰)有利于细菌类群丰富度的增加,BE-30(微咸-富营养处理培养30 d样品)的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(4.62)显著高于FE-30(淡水-富营养处理培养30 d样品,2.08)和SE-30(高盐-富营养处理培养30 d样品,1.69);③高盐(盐度为3.0‰)条件下,随着水体中营养盐含量的增加,喜营养的嗜盐细菌类群大量繁殖(SE-30中无法分类的Comamonadaceae科的相对丰度达到69.3%),因而降低了水体中细菌群落的多样性. 研究显示,α-变形菌纲和无法分类的Comamonadaceae科对盐与营养盐的变化较为敏感,可作为干旱区湖泊咸化和富营养化过程的参考类群.      

Bacterial community structure of Tricholoma matsutake stipe soil by high-throughput sequencing北大核心CSCD

In order to understand the interaction between microorganisms in soil attached to the stipes of Tricholoma matsutake, we utilized high-throughput sequencing technology using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 System (San Diego, CA, USA) to explore the bacterial community structure in such soils and analyzed the effects of microorganisms on the formation and growth of T. matsutake. A total of 6 730 sequences were obtained from the samples, and these sequences were clustered into 928 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 97% similarity level. In addition, these OTUs were grouped into 22 bacterial phyla (including 62 classes, 90 orders, 162 families, and 275 genera) and 2 archaeal phyla (including 4 classes, 6 orders, 7 families, and 8 genera). Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum present in all the samples, and these bacteria were significantly more abundant in soils attached to stipe of T. matsutake than they were in the control samples. Similarly, Beta-proteobacteria were the dominant class, and bacteria in this class were less abundant than they were in the control samples. Moreover, the genus Burkholderia within the Proteobacteria was more abundant in the control samples than in the T. matsutake soil samples. Generally, Proteobacteria, especially the genus Burkholderia, played an important role in the growth of T. matsutake, whereas other bacteria, such as Unknown-Ellin 60, would probably inhibit the growth of T. matsutake. This study showed that bacteria might be involved in the growth of T. matsutake and the formation of its fruiting bodies, but they had no positive relationship with bacterial abundance, which may provide theoretical guidance for the cultivation of T. matsutake. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Soil bacterial community characteristics of rice-rice-rape crop rotation北大核心CSCD

To investigate the characteristic changes in soil bacterial community under rice-rice-rape rotation in southern China, soil samples from a 30-year crop rotation and continuous cropping system were collected. Clone library and gene sequence analysis were adopted. The PCR amplification was carried out using universal primers of the 16S rDNA gene. The amplified fragments were then used to construct a clone library. The subclones were sequenced and analyzed. The experimental analysis showed that, in July 2015, and October and April 2016, the Shannon Wiener index and richness index of bacteria from the rotation treatment soils were higher than those of the continuous cropping treatment soil. The soil bacterial diversity of the rotation treatment was higher than that of the continuous cropping treatment. The results of BLAST analysis in the GenBank showed that Proteobacteria accounted 55% of total bacteria in the rotation treatment soil, whereas it accounted for 45% of total bacteria in continuous cropping treatment soil. Gemmatimonadetes accounted for 13% of the total bacteria in rotation treatment and 10% in the continuous cropping treatment. The proportion of Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes in rotation soil was less than those in the continuous cropping soil. Proteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant flora in soil. The changes in the predominant bacteria affected the diversity of soil bacteria in rotation and continuous cropping. The sequence analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in the soil were Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, which higher than those in the rice-rice continuous cropping treatment. The sequences similar to Chloroflexi were observed in the rice-rice-rape rotation soils, but not in the continuous cropping soils. The results showed that the soil microbial population is conducted by agricultural tillage, and rice-rice-rape rotation increased the soil bacterial abundance compared with that of the rice-rice continuous treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.