含油污泥石油烃在生物强化堆肥处理中降解特性研究

为提高含油污泥的生物降解效率,通过混合菌剂强化堆肥法处理含油污泥的小试试验,采用GC-MS图谱分析技术对石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、甾烷的降解规律进行分析.结果表明:7%的油泥经微生物强化堆肥处理49 d后降解率在85%以上.石油烃中3种系列的降解难易顺序为正构烷烃>藿烷>甾烷,从降解规律来看,微生物降油复合菌剂对高碳数正构烷烃的平均降解率（75.55%）大于对低碳数正构烷烃的平均降解率（62.98%）,说明总石油烃中降解率最大的是正构烷烃.微生物降油复合菌剂对藿烷的降解率在90%以上,其对22S-31,32,33,34-四升藿烷的降解率最高.微生物降油复合菌剂能够促进孕甾烷的转化,且对重排甾烷的降解效果较明显,对甾烷类化合物中4-甲基-24-乙基-胆甾烷的降解效果最好.微生物降油复合菌剂对正构烷烃的奇偶碳降解优势不明显;藿烷的立体构型转化参数大于甾烷的立体构型转化参数,这也解释了藿烷的降解易于甾烷的原因.研究显示,微生物降油复合菌剂对石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、甾烷的降解效果均较好.      

常州市春季PM2.5中细菌群落特征及影响因素

为研究常州市春季PM_2.5中细菌群落特征,利用高通量测序对PM_2.5中细菌的16S rRNA基因进行研究.测序获得的有效序列数为600150,以97%的相似水平划分,各样品的OTUs为1890~6519,同时样本的Coverage指数较高,表明测序结果可以准确地代表样本中的空气细菌群落.物种注释结果表明：常州春季PM_2.5中相对丰度> 1%的有11个细菌门、14个细菌纲和12个细菌属,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝藻细菌门（Cyanobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）是排名前3的优势细菌类群,占总基因丰度的80.88%.属水平优势细菌主要有拟甲色球藻属（Chroococcidiopsis,6.03%）、Rubellimicrobium（5.95%）、微囊藻属（Microcystis,4.86%）和鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas,3.16%）,但在属水平上未能进行分类的基因序列比例高达81.11%.基于PM_2.5中细菌群落组成进行来源分析,发现常州市春季PM_2.5中细菌的环境来源多变,其主要环境源可能为淡水,其次是土壤、植物和人为源.利用冗余分析探讨环境因子与细菌群落的关系,结果表明,NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、O₃、SO₄^2-、OC、气压和CO是常州市春季PM_2.5中细菌群落的主要影响因子,同时不同环境因子对不同细菌类群影响不同.     

A LONG‐TERM,WATERSHED‐SCALE,EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ANIMAL WASTE BMPs ON INDICATOR BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Driven by increasing concerns about bacterial pollution from agricultural sources, states such as Virginia have initiated cost sharing programs that encourage the use of animal waste best management practices (BMPs) to control this pollution. Although a few studies have shown that waste management BMPs are effective at the field scale, their effectiveness at the watershed scale and over the long term is unknown. The focus of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs in reducing bacterial pollution at the watershed scale and over the long term. To accomplish this goal, a 1,163 ha watershed located in the Piedmont region of Virginia was monitored over a ten‐year period. Fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) were measured as indicators of bacterial pollution. A pre‐BMP versus post‐BMP design was adopted. Major BMPs implemented were manure storage facilities, stream fencing, water troughs, and nutrient management. Seasonal Kendall trend analysis revealed a significant decreasing trend during the post‐BMP period for FC concentrations at the watershed outlet, but not at the subwatershed level. Implementation of BMPs also resulted in a significant reduction in the geometric mean of FS concentrations. FC concentrations in streamflow at the watershed outlet exceeded the Virginia primary standard 86 and 74 percent of the time during pre‐BMP and post‐BMP periods, respectively. Corresponding exceedances for the secondary standard were 50 and 41 percent. Violations decreased only slightly during the post‐BMP period. The findings of this study suggest that although BMP implementation can be expected to accomplish some improvement in water quality, BMP implementation alone may not ensure compliance with current water quality standards.     

Syntaxonomy of Southern Ural Forests as a basis for the system of their protection

Using the example of Southern Ural forests, it is shown that the Braun-Blanquet method is promising for estimating the efficiency of the system of specially protected natural areas (SPNAs) and drawing up guidelines for its further development. In particular, evidence is provided that forests of the unions Aconito-Piceion and Lathyro-Quercion are protected quite insufficiently. Proposals concerning organization of new SPNAs are formulated.     

典型生活垃圾填埋场覆盖土微生物群落分析

采用第二代高通量测序技术Illumina MiSeq对典型生活垃圾填埋场覆盖土样(山东莱芜,SD;广东深圳,GD;上海老港,SH;重庆长生桥,CQ)进行16S rDNA V3~V4区高通量测序,并分析了Alpha多样性、物种组成和丰度、菌群结构及环境因子对群落结构的影响.结果表明:取自垃圾填埋场GD土样的物种种类多于其他土样,GD、SD、SH、CQ土样的Shannon指数分别为5.52±0.026、4.76±0.030、4.89±0.037、3.43±0.027;所有覆盖土样的优势菌为Alphaproteobacteria(α-变形杆菌纲)和Betaproteobacteria(β-变形杆菌纲),所占比例范围分别为12.67%~25.54%,14.35%~18.88%;SD、GD和SH三种覆盖土样的优势菌为Sphingomonas(鞘氨醇单胞菌属),分别占7.25%、10.67%、11.30%; Deltaproteobacteria(德耳塔变形杆菌纲)和Gammaproteobacteria(γ-变形菌杆纲)的相对丰度分别与TN(r=1.00,P<0.001)和TP(r=1.00,P<0.001)呈正相关关系,且结合RDA图,TN、TP和OM含量可能是SD土样区别于其他土样群落组成的主要因素.     

内蒙古河套灌区不同盐碱程度的土壤细菌群落多样性

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对内蒙古河套灌区三种不同盐碱程度土壤(盐土,强度盐化土,轻度盐化土)不同深度(0~20cm和20~30cm)土壤细菌16S rDNA V3~V6可变区扩增片段进行分析,并对土壤理化性质进行了测定.结果表明:细菌群落多样性随土壤盐碱化程度的加深而减少(轻度盐化土 > 强度盐化土 > 盐土),随土壤深度的增加而降低(细菌群落多样性0~20cm土层大于20~30cm土层).细菌Shannon-Wiener指数在轻度盐化土中最大为3.36,在强度盐化土和盐土分别为3.05和2.49.不同盐碱程度土壤以细菌相似系数聚类,分为0~20cm层与20~30cm层两大族群,土壤细菌群落Shannon-Wiener指数在0~20cm层中(盐土为3.04,强度盐化土为3.29,轻度盐化土为3.36)均大于在20~30cm层(盐土为2.49,强度盐化土为3.05,轻度盐化土为3.14).相关性分析和典范对应分析表明,土壤w(EC)、pH值、w(SOC)、w(TP)是土壤细菌群落结构多样性的显著影响因素,不同盐碱程度土壤中细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数与土壤w(EC)(r=-0.542,P < 0.05)、pH(r=-0.526,P < 0.05)呈显著负相关,与土壤w(SOC)(r=0.700,P < 0.01)和w(TP)(r=0.805,P < 0.01)呈极显著正相关.w(EC)和pH对盐碱土壤细菌群落结构的影响力最大. 回收DGGE图谱中20个优势条带进行测序分析,结果显示,变形菌纲(α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲和δ-变形菌纲)是盐碱土壤的主要类群.     

辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚混合菌的构建及响应面优化

为提高辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OPnEO）的生物降解效果,在本实验室已筛选出的H1、TXBc10、OPQb11、TXBa23四株OPnEO高效降解菌的基础上,首次从构建OPnEO混合菌的角度,着重探究了四菌株等比例不同组合降解OPnEO的效果.结果表明,混合菌L9（H1：TXBc10：TXBa23为1：1：1）培养7d后对初始浓度500mg/LOPnEO的降解率最高,达到56.44%,比各单一菌株降解效果有较明显提高.运用单因素试验考察了影响L9的相关因素,初步确定L9降解OPnEO的最适外加碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和胰蛋白胨,最适初始pH值为7.0,最适温度为28℃,最适接种量为4%.Plackett-Burman试验筛选获得影响OPnEO降解率的3个显著因子为L9接种量、温度及初始pH值.最陡爬坡试验逼近3个显著因子的最大响应区域,采用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面法分析,确定L9的最优降解条件为50mL反应体系中接种量4.16%、温度28.20℃、初始pH值7.13、葡萄糖与胰蛋白胨浓度均为2%、OPnEO初始浓度500mg/L、180r/min培养7d,该条件下混合菌L9对OPnEO降解率达62.15%,比未优化条件提高了5%左右.     

餐厨垃圾废水制备液态解磷菌剂研究

本研究探讨了餐厨垃圾废水用作发酵基质生产液态解磷巨大芽孢杆菌菌肥的可行性.结果表明,餐厨垃圾废水培养的巨大芽孢杆菌经过3~4d的调整期即进入对数生长期,第6~7d活菌数达到最大,而经过湿热预处理得到的II类废水较I类废水更适宜用作巨大芽孢杆菌的培养基质,其菌液活菌数是I类废水培养的活菌数的5倍（4.8×10¹⁵CFU/mL）.废水中的盐分对巨大芽孢杆菌的生长代谢影响显著：活菌数随着NaCl含量的增加先升高后快速降低,最利于菌种培养的NaCl浓度为10g/L.pH值和温度极显著影响巨大芽孢杆菌的生长,而摇床转速和接种量对菌株培养影响不显著,正交试验确定的较优培养条件为pH=8、T=35℃、转速80r/min、接种量2%（V/V）.餐厨垃圾废水制备的解磷菌肥可实现土壤中固化磷的有效磷化：施用0.025‰~2.5‰质量比例解磷菌剂的土壤生长的黄豆苗干重可达到按照5‰质量比例施加无机复合肥生长的黄豆苗的70.7%~84.5%,其中微生物菌肥的最佳施用量为0.25‰.     

Toxicity of cadmium nanoparticles to Bacillus subtilis

The study deals with the toxicological impact of cadmium nanoparticles (Cd NPs) on Bacillus subtilis as a model Gram-positive bacterium. Cadmium oxide (CdO) NPs (～22 nm) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) NPs (～3 nm) were used in this study. Both the NPs were found to inhibit the cell viability of B. subtilis when added to the culture at mid-log phase, the viable cell number declined with increasing concentration of Cd NPs. At mid-log phase, 15 mg L^?1 CdO NPs inhibited growth by ～50%, whereas at 30 mg L^?1 growth completely ceased. Under the same conditions, CdS NPs inhibited growth by ～50% at a concentration of 8 mg L^?1, and at 20 mg L^?1 growth was completely retarded. The cells changed their morphological features to a filamentous form with increasing Cd NPs exposure time, leading to associated with clumping. NPs treated cells when stained with 4′, 6-diamino-2-phenylindole, showed filamentous multinucleated bead structure, suggesting irregularities in cell division. Increasing intracellular oxidative stress due to Cd NPs exposure might be one of the reasons for the cell morphological changes and toxicity in B. subtilis.     

16S rDNA克隆文库解析江汉平原高砷地下水系统中的细菌多样性

为研究江汉平原高砷地下水系统中细菌多样性和种群结构,以2011年11月采自江汉平原仙桃市沙湖镇高砷含水层沉积物为研究对象,沉积物采自同一50m钻井,分别选取埋深9.9～10.1m和15.7～16.0m样品。提取沉积物中总DNA,采用16SrDNA克隆文库方法,分析高砷含水层沉积物中土壤细菌的多样性。结果发现,伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales)、假单胞杆菌目(Pseudomonadales)和肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)构成了高砷系统中抗砷的优势菌群。结果表明,高砷含水层中生活有大量微生物,这些微生物在砷的地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色。