煤矿通风机电机温度高故障研究与解决应用

经过充分调研,结合理论分析,从选型、设计制造、试验、运行维护4个方面全面分析煤矿通风机电机温度高的故障原因,从选型、设计、立法与标准制定、执法等方面提出了具体的解决措施,最后结合具体实例,应用提出的措施很好地解决了煤矿通风机电机温度高的故障。     

高温后砂岩抗拉强度及应变场演化实验研究

为研究高温后砂岩的抗拉力学特性及变形破坏规律,对不同温度作用后的砂岩进行巴西劈裂实验,同时采用数字散斑相关方法对砂岩变形破坏进行监测。研究表明:高温作用后砂岩质量损失率增加,波速整体呈降低趋势,砂岩物理特性出现一定劣化;高温作用使砂岩抗拉强度呈先增加后减小的趋势,25~400℃增大了16.08%,400~1 000℃减小了69.30%,砂岩表现为脆性破坏特征;砂岩劈裂过程中,水平应变场演化过程为:局部小变形产生、扩展→小变形区域聚集、合并、连接→应变局部化带产生→应变局部化带扩展并贯穿→宏观劈裂破坏;随着温度升高,应变局部化启动水平先增加后降低,400℃为转折点。该研究方法可为煤矿火灾安全等领域提供借鉴。     

碳纤维混凝土的耐火性能试验测试与分析*

为研究不同碳纤维体积掺量（0,0.2%,0.6%,1%,1.5%,2%）对混凝土耐火性能的影响,考察不同温度环境下（20,60,100,300,500,800 ℃）的混凝土质量损失率与抗压强度损失率的变化情况;分析高温环境下混凝土的静置时间（0,1,3,7,12 h）对混凝土抗压强度损失率的影响。结果表明:随着碳纤维掺量的增加,混凝土质量损失率与抗压强度损失率呈现先下降后增加的趋势,其纤维掺量的拐点为1%;随着环境温度的上升,纤维混凝土的质量损失率与抗压强度损失率逐渐增加,并呈非线性增长趋势。随着静置时间的增加,混凝土抗压强度损失率逐渐增加,且呈非线性增长趋势。     

低水温条件下CAST工艺在城市污水处理厂的应用

本文主要介绍了CAST工艺应用于污水处理厂的工艺流程和相关特点,在低温条件下的运行成果分析,并且探讨了设计和运行过程当中的各种问题,目的就是为北方CAST工艺的城市污水处理厂,在冬季低进水温度的条件下的应用,提供相关的处理措施。     

A spatially explicit empirical model of structural development processes in natural forests based on climate and topography

Stand structure develops with stand age. Old-growth forests with well-developed stand structure support many species. However, development rates of stand structure likely vary with climate and topography. We modeled structural development of 4 key stand variables and a composite old-growth index as functions of climatic and topographic covariates. We used a hierarchical Bayesian method for analysis of extensive snap-shot National Forest Inventory (NFI) data in Japan (n = 9244) to account for differences in stand age. Development rates of structural variables and the old-growth index exhibited curvilinear responses to environmental covariates. Flat sites were characterized by high rates of structural development. Approximately 150 years were generally required to attain high values (approximately 0.8) of the old-growth index. However, the predicted age to achieve specific values varied depending on environmental conditions. Spatial predictions highlighted regional variation in potential structural development rates. For example, sometimes there were differences of >100 years among sites, even in the same catchment, in attainment of a medium index value (0.5) after timber harvesting. The NFI data suggested that natural forests, especially old natural forests (>150 years), remain generally on unproductive ridges, steep slopes, or areas with low temperature and deep snow, where many structural variables show slow development rates. We suggest that maintenance and restoration of old natural forests on flat sites should be prioritized for conservation due to the likely rapid development of stand structure, although remaining natural forests on low-productivity sites are still important and should be protected.     

高温喷水冷却后方钢管再生混凝土短柱轴压性能试验研究

为研究高温喷水冷却后方钢管再生混凝土的受力机理,设计了27个方钢管再生混凝土试件在高温喷水冷却后进行轴心受压加载试验。试验考虑的变化参数包括再生粗骨料取代率、历经最高温度和冷却方式。本文对试验的过程进行了简要的说明,观察了试件受力破坏的全过程,获取了荷载-位移曲线,峰值荷载并分析了特征点数据以及各变化参数对高温喷水冷却后方钢管再生混凝土短柱轴压性能的影响规律。试验结果表明:历经最高温度越高,试件破坏后核心混凝土的受损程度越严重。随着历经最高温度的不断提高,峰值荷载和轴压刚度整体呈下降趋势,温度在800℃时试件的延性最好,高温使得试件的耗能能力提高;随着再生粗骨料取代率的增加,峰值荷载的变化规律不明显,但取代率为75%的试件具有最高的峰值荷载,轴压刚度呈波动变化,取代率对延性影响较明显,对耗能影响较小;不同冷却方式对方钢管再生混凝土短柱的延性影响较大,对其它力学性能影响不显著。引入材料强度折减系数后,我国DBJ 13-51-2003规程和日本AIJ规程中计算方法可以较好地评估高温喷水冷却后方钢管再生混凝土短柱的轴心受压承载力。     

Effect of flame propagation regime on pressure evolution of nano and micron PMMA dust explosions

Experiments using an open space dust explosion apparatus and a standard 20 L explosion apparatus on nano and micron polymethyl methacrylate dust explosions were conducted to reveal the differences in flame and pressure evolutions. Then the effect of combustion and flame propagation regimes on the explosion overpressure characteristics was discussed. The results showed that the flame propagation behavior, flame temperature distribution and ion current distribution all demonstrated the different flame structures for nano and micron dust explosions. The combustion and flame propagation of 100 nm and 30 μm PMMA dust clouds were mainly controlled by the heat transfer efficiency between the particles and external heat sources. Compared with the cluster diffusion dominant combustion of 30 μm dust flame, the premixed-gas dominant combustion of 100 nm dust flame determined a quicker pyrolysis and combustion reaction rate, a faster flame propagation velocity, a stronger combustion reaction intensity, a quicker heat release rate and a higher amount of released reaction heat, which resulted in an earlier pressure rise, a larger maximum overpressure and a higher explosion hazard class. The complex combustion and propagation regime of agglomerated particles strongly influenced the nano flame propagation and explosion pressure evolution characteristics, and limited the maximum overpressure.     

风电机舱内典型混合液态油品热诱导燃烧特性

为探究不同尺寸方形油盘对双馈异步风力发电机组机舱中典型混合油品燃烧特性的影响,自主设计和搭建了热平板诱导油品加热燃烧测定实验系统。将液压油(CALTEXRANDO HDZ32)和齿轮箱油(CALTEXMEROPA320)按1∶1质量(各40.0g)比例均匀混合后,盛装于横截面尺寸分别为6.5cm×6.5cm、10.0cm×10.0cm、13.5cm×13.5cm 的钢制油盘中,利用热平板加热和诱导盘内同样质量混合油品燃烧,利用摄像机记录其燃烧行为和阶段节点时间,利用热电偶树、温度采集模块对油品燃烧对应阶段节点液内和上方火焰中心轴温度分布进行测定。观察发现,液/齿混合油品在加热后出现液内流动、蒸发、冒泡、气化、燃烧、发烟、火焰蹿高等典型传热传质和液相燃烧现象。实验结果表明,随油盘横截面尺寸递增,混合油品着火时间依次缩短(最高1048.0s),燃烧持续时间依次递减(最高1980.0s),燃烧液内最高温度依次升高(最高564.3 ℃),中心轴第一层火焰熄灭温度依次升高(最高489.2 ℃)。小尺寸油盘内油品交流换热过程缓慢,质量损失速率较低,着火前阶段出现最大质量损失速率(0.041g/s);中大尺寸油盘内对流、传质和传热过程明显增强,质量损失速率较高,火焰蹿高节点时出现最大质量损失速率(0.25g/s和0.29g/s)     

取芯管取芯过程管壁温度变化特性试验*

为给冷冻取芯过程中瓦斯解吸模拟试验提供依据,依托自主研制的取芯管管壁温度自动采集装置,研究不同取芯深度及煤体破坏类型下取芯过程管壁温度变化特性。结果表明:在原生结构煤中取芯时,取芯过程管壁温度变化主要分为3个阶段,即稳定不变阶段、快速上升阶段与缓慢下降阶段,分别对应进钻、取芯与退钻过程;在构造煤中取芯时,管壁温度变化可分为缓慢上升阶段、快速上升阶段与缓慢下降阶段,分别对应进钻、取芯与退钻过程。在构造煤中,取芯深度越大,取芯管管壁升温幅度越大,取样过程中管壁温度峰值越大,且在取芯过程中,取芯管管壁温度传感器B1,B2,B3存在温升滞后现象;同一取芯深度,煤体破碎程度越大,取芯管管壁升温幅度越小,取芯结束时取芯管管壁温度越低。     

Applications of dust explosion hazard and disaster prevention technology

Powdered materials are widely used in industrial processes, chemical processing, and nanoscience. Because most flammable powders and chemicals are not pure substances, their flammability and self-heating characteristics cannot be accurately identified using safety data sheets. Therefore, site staff can easily underestimate the risks they pose. Flammable dust accidents are frequent and force industrial process managers to pay attention to the characteristics of flammable powders and create inherently safer designs.This study verified that although the flammable powders used by petrochemical plants have been tested, some powders have different minimum ignition energies (MIEs) before and after drying, whereas some of the powders are released of flammable gases. These hazard characteristics are usually neglected, leading to the neglect of preventive parameters for fires and explosions, such as dust particle size specified by NFPA-654, MIE, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer, and limiting oxygen concentration. Unless these parameters are fully integrated into process hazard analysis and process safety management, the risks cannot be fully identified, and the reliability of process hazard analysis cannot be improved to facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures. Preventing the underestimation of process risk severity due to the fire and explosion parameters of unknown flammable dusts and overestimation of existing safety measures is crucial for effective accident prevention.