磁场对扩散火焰特性的影响

通过磁场对扩散火焰特性影响的研究，可以发现磁场能够改变火焰的燃烧特性，使火焰的温度升高，而火焰的高度有所降低。这能使我们更精确地了解实际火灾过程中火焰的燃烧特性，掌握火灾的特点，为减灾和灭灾提供有益的参考。     

湖北省60年代以来气温日较差的变化趋势

利用湖北省７２站１９６１￣１９９５年逐月最高、最低气温资料,计算并详细分析了湖北省年、四季及逐月气温日较差的线性变化趋势。结果表明：（１）年最低气温呈明显上升趋势,而最高气温为下降趋势,因此气温日较差呈显著减少趋势。（２）就四季来看,最高气温在春、夏、冬季均呈下降趋势,但只有夏季的下降趋势是显著的,秋季呈弱上升趋势;最低气温在四季均呈上升趋势,但只有冬季的上升趋势是显著的;气温日较差在冬季与夏季均     

Streamside Forest Buffer Width Needed to Protect Stream Water Quality,Habitat, and Organisms: A Literature Review

This literature review addresses how wide a streamside forest buffer needs to be to protect water quality, habitat, and biota for small streams (≤~100 km² or ~5th order watershed) with a focus on eight functions: (1) subsurface nitrate removal varied inversely with subsurface water flux and for sites with water flux >50 l/m/day (~40% avg base flow to Chesapeake Bay) median removal efficiency was 55% (26‐64%) for buffers <40 m wide and 89% (27‐99%) for buffers >40 m wide; (2) sediment trapping was ~65 and ~85% for a 10‐ and 30‐m buffer, respectively, based on streamside field or experimentally loaded sites; (3) stream channel width was significantly wider when bordered by ~25‐m buffer (relative to no forest) with no additional widening for buffers ≥25 m; (4) channel meandering and bank erosion were lower in forest but more studies are needed to determine the effect of buffer width; (5) temperature remained within 2°C of levels in a fully forested watershed with a buffer ≥20 m but full protection against thermal change requires buffers ≥30 m; (6) large woody debris (LWD) has been poorly studied but we infer a buffer width equal to the height of mature streamside trees (~30 m) can provide natural input levels; (7, 8) macroinvertebrate and fish communities, and their instream habitat, remain near a natural or semi‐natural state when buffered by ≥30 m of forest. Overall, buffers ≥30 m wide are needed to protect the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of small streams.     

器件温度测试的影响因素

本文从器件用热像仪的测温过程、常用公式出发,针对测温条件进行了探讨,对公式里面的指数n的取值进行了推算。认为n可取4,但常数C和指数n的取值与波长范围和温度范围有关,要匹配。同时对IC温度分布的精确测量条件也进行了总结。     

温度循环对键合及芯片烧结性能的影响分析

温度循环针对材料间的热胀冷缩特性,产生蠕动和疲劳损伤效应。半导体器件在温度循环试验过程中封装可靠性随温度循环时间逐步退化。针对一种半导体器件的键合强度、芯片剪切强度、芯片烧结空洞随温度循环次数的退化情况进行了分析。     

低温试验测量审核分析

测量审核是对实验室具备某项技术能力的实测结果验证,是能力验证活动的重要方式之一。以所在实验室参加低温试验测量审核活动为例,对影响测量结果的因素进行了详细分析,并对测量审核结果进行了不确定度评定,以期探讨如何做好测量审核工作以证明申请单位实验室的指定项目具备高质量的检测能力。     

低温试验测量审核不满意的分析

对ZTH020U型高低温湿热试验箱低温试验测量审核不满意的原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的措施。后续参比试验在此基础上,均未出现不满意的结果。     

Do Energy‐Based PET Models Require More Input Data than Temperature‐Based Models? — An Evaluation at Four Humid FluxNet Sites

It is well established that wet environment potential evapotranspiration (PET) can be reliably estimated using the energy budget at the canopy or land surface. However, in most cases the necessary radiation measurements are not available and, thus, empirical temperature‐based PET models are still widely used, especially in watershed models. Here we question the presumption that empirical PET models require fewer input data than more physically based models. Specifically, we test whether the energy‐budget‐based Priestley‐Taylor (P‐T) model can reliably predict daily PET using primarily air temperature to estimate the radiation fluxes and associated parameters. This method of calculating PET requires only daily minimum and maximum temperature, day of the year, and latitude. We compared PET estimates using directly measured radiation fluxes to PET calculated from temperature‐based radiation estimates at four humid AmeriFlux sites. We found good agreement between P‐T PET calculated from measured radiation fluxes and P‐T PET determined via air temperature. In addition, in three of the four sites, the temperature‐based radiation approximations had a stronger correlation with measured evapotranspiration (ET) during periods of maximal ET than fully empirical Hargreaves, Hamon and Oudin methods. Of the three fully empirical models, the Hargreaves performed the best. Overall, the results suggest that daily PET estimates can be made using a physically based approach even when radiation measurements are unavailable.     

天津市郊区冬季大气边界层风、温场结构与特征

利用天津市郊区探空观测资料,对该地区冬季大气边界层内的风场、温度场结构与特征进行研究.结果表明,测试期间风向随着高度增加呈顺时针旋转, 由东风、东南风逐渐右转,转为西南风、西风,遵循Eckman螺线的规律;不同高度层风速日变化规律不同.一般来说,在较低高度风速白天变大,夜晚变小,而较高处则相反;接地逆温大约在20:00开始生成,随着时间的增加,逆温逐渐加强,平均逆温厚度在02:00达到最大值;混合层高度在早晨厚度较薄,午后混合层厚度较厚,有利于污染物的扩散;天津市市区10m和100m高度层风速的日变化规律与郊区相同,200m高度层风速日变化规律不同;市区与郊区相比,不同高度层风速随着时间起伏变化较小.     

西北干旱区旱地玉米叶面积指数与气象因子及生物量的关系

利用甘肃省西峰农业气象试验站1994-2008年玉米试验观测资料,对玉米的LAI变化规律,温度、光合有效辐射对LAI的影响,LAI对50 cm土层土壤贮水量、生物量及产量因子的影响进行了分析。结果表明,三叶期-乳熟期LAI随着出苗后的天数呈S曲线变化。缓慢增长期出现在8~28 d;快速增长期出现在28~74 d;缓慢下降期出现在74~103 d。叶片含水率以0.9%/10 d的速度线性下降。各试验年份间,降水差异较大,变异系数为31%~92%;其次为≥10℃有效积温;光合有效辐射比较稳定。从播种到乳熟期,各年份的气象要素值趋于平均值。LAI与≥10℃有效积温及光合有效辐射呈幂函数变化,有效积温500℃及光合有效辐射值250 MJ/m²是LAI累积速度变化的转折点。≥10℃有效积温500~1 000℃及光合有效辐射800~1 000 MJ/m²是LAI快速增长的阶段。随着LAI的增大,50 cm土层贮水量呈线性减少。LAI对生物量的影响可用幂函数描述,最利于生物量累积的LAI值为3.5,较为适宜的种植密度为60 000株/hm²。七叶期-拔节期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性较差,抽雄期-乳熟期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性显著。在一定范围内,抽雄期LAI的增大对提高玉米的经济产量有利。