2001-2012年天津市大气降水特征及化学成分分析

为了解天津市大气降水特征及化学成分变化规律,对2001-2012年天津市酸雨监测资料进行了统计分析.结果表明:2001-2012年,天津市降水pH在波动中总体升高,但升高趋势不显著;酸雨率则呈显著下降趋势;降水pH从春季到冬季呈直线下降趋势,酸雨率从春季到冬季总体呈上升趋势;2008-2012年,pH在6.0～7.5的降水样本较多,在这区间,平均降水量越大,则降水pH越低,酸性越强,平均电导率和平均降水量则表现出明显负相关,即平均降水量较小时平均电导率较高;2001-2012年,天津市降水中各离子当量浓度(当量浓度=质量浓度×原子价/化学结构式量)所占比例为SOi-＞Ca2+ ＞NH4+ ＞NO3-＞C1-＞Mg2+ ＞Na+ ＞F-＞K+;对天津市降水起主导中和作用的阳离子为Ca2+,贡献率在56.4％～77.9％,贡献率春季最高,夏季最低,NHt的贡献率在28.4％～44.0％,夏季最高,冬季最低;从2001-2012年天津市降水的SO42-、NO3-当量浓度之比的变化来看,该市酸雨类型经历了从硫酸型或燃煤型到混合型的过渡过程.     

改性方解石的除磷能力研究

选用颗粒方解石,对其表面进行改性,便于磷在其表面的吸附、结晶、沉淀,形成永久性固态磷,加速磷的自然沉淀过程。考察了改性的最佳条件和改性方解石除磷的影响因素。结果表明,方解石的最佳改性条件:改性液TP、Ca2+、HCO-3分别为93.00、120.00、244.00 mg/L,浸泡时间2d;改性方解石具有持续的除磷能力,在实验前76h的平均除磷速率为0.053 0mg/(g·d),而稳定阶段的除磷速率为0.021 4mg/(g·d);待处理水样的Ca2+浓度对改性方解石的除磷效果有较大影响,Ca2+为120.00mg/L时除磷效果最好,碱度对除磷效果的影响很小;pH≤7.30,投加改性方解石系统中磷的去除以改性方解石表面Ca-P结晶为主,而当pH≥8.15时,溶液中发生Ca-P沉淀,而Ca-P结晶逐步减少;水温对改性方解石的除磷效果具有显著影响。     

近百年来芜湖市气候变化趋势分析

通过对补充重建气候序列的分析,得出芜湖市近百年来气候变化的主要特征。研究结果表明,近百年来芜湖气候总体呈暖干变化,冬春季和年均气温具有显著增温趋势,夏季气温无明显变化;降雨量呈微弱下降趋势,主要反映在夏季降水减少。     

Hydrologic Modeling of an Extreme Flood in the Guadalupe River in Texas1

Sharif, Hatim O., Almoutaz A. Hassan, Sazzad Bin-Shafique, Hongjie Xie, and Jon Zeitler, 2010. Hydrologic Modeling of an Extreme Flood in the Guadalupe River in Texas. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00459.x Abstract: Many of the storms creating the greatest rainfall depths in Texas, measured over durations ranging from one minute to 48 hours, have occurred in the Texas Hill Country area. The upstream portion of the Guadalupe River Basin, located in the Texas Hill Country, is susceptible to flooding and rapid runoff due to thin soils, exposed bedrock, and sparse vegetation, in addition to the Balcones Escarpment uplift contributing to precipitation enhancement. In November 2004, a moist air mass from the Gulf of Mexico combined with moist air from the Pacific Ocean resulted in the wettest November in Texas since 1895. Although the peak discharges were not the highest on record, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauge on the Guadalupe River at Gonzales, Texas reported a daily mean discharge of 2,304 m³/s on November 23, 2004 (average discharge is 53 m³/s). In this paper, we examine the meteorological conditions that led to this event and apply a two-dimensional, physically based, distributed-parameter hydrologic model to simulate the response of a portion of the basin during this event. The study results clearly demonstrate the ability of physically based, distributed-parameter simulations, driven by operational radar rainfall products, to adequately model the cumulative effect of two rainfall events and route inflows from three upstream watersheds without the need for significant calibration.     

Contribution of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) grown under different nutrient conditions to Fe-removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands

Severe contamination of water resources including groundwater with iron (Fe) due to various anthropogenic activities has been a major environmental problem in industrial areas of Sri Lanka. Hence, the use of the obnoxious weed, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) in constructed wetlands (floating aquatic macrophyte-based plant treatment systems) to phytoremediate Fe-rich wastewaters seems to be an appealing option. Although several studies have documented that hyacinths are good metal-accumulating plants none of these studies have documented the ability of this plant grown under different nutrient conditions to remove heavy metals from wastewaters. This paper, therefore, reports the phytoremediation efficiencies of water hyacinth grown under different nutrient conditions for Fe-rich wastewaters in batch-type constructed wetlands. This study was conducted for 15 weeks after 1-week acclimatization by culturing young water hyacinth plants (average height of 20+/-2cm) in 590L capacity fiberglass tanks under different nutrient concentrations of 1-fold [28 and 7.7mg/L of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP), respectively], 2-fold, 1/2-fold, 1/4-fold and 1/8-fold with synthetic wastewaters containing 9.27Femg/L. Another set-up of hyacinths containing only Fe as a heavy metal but without any nutrients (i.e., 0-fold) was also studied. A mass balance was carried out to investigate the phytoremediation efficiencies and to determine the different mechanisms governing Fe removal from the wastewaters. Fe removal was largely due to phytoremediation mainly through the process of rhizofiltration and chemical precipitation of Fe2O3 and FeOH3 followed by flocculation and sedimentation. However, chemical precipitation was more significant especially during the first 3 weeks of the study. Plants grown in the 0-fold set-up showed the highest phytoremediation efficiency of 47% during optimum growth at the 6th week with a highest accumulation of 6707Femg/kg dry weight. Active effluxing of Fe back to the wastewater at intermittent periods and with time was a key mechanism of avoiding Fe phytotoxicity in water hyacinth cultured in all set-ups. Our study elucidated that water hyacinth grown under nutrient-poor conditions are ideal to remove Fe from wastewaters with a hydraulic retention time of approximately 6 weeks.     

改进沉淀法在溶解性无机碳稳定同位素测定中的应用研究

水体中溶解性无机碳(Dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC)的稳定碳同位素比值(δ¹³C_DIC)是揭示碳循环过程的重要技术指标。DIC的分离和富集是测定δ¹³C_DIC的基础,也是影响δ¹³C_DIC测定准确度的主要过程之一。沉淀法和气体法均为常用的DIC分离和富集方法。相比于气体法,沉淀法操作流程简单,适用性较强,在δ¹³C_DIC测定过程中具有广阔的应用前景。然而,基于沉淀法的DIC分离和富集过程中常存在碳稳定同位素分馏问题。为此,本研究在综合气体法和沉淀法优缺点的基础上,以超声时间,水浴温度和氮气吹扫速率为自变量,以δ¹³C_DIC的理论值与实测值之间绝对误差的最小化为目标,采用响应面法对传统NaOH-BaCl₂沉淀法进行了改进。基于改进沉淀法测定的δ¹³C_DIC理论值与实测值之间的...     

黄土深基坑降水诱发的地基附加应力和沉降简化计算

为预测黄土地区深基坑降水导致的地层不均匀沉降,确保坑周建筑物安全,基于弦线模量法、弹性半无限体理论和剪切位移法,将坑周土体以降水曲线为界分为疏干区和饱和区,综合考虑绕渗区内渗流力在水平方向的分量和桩-土界面侧摩阻力对土体的约束作用,推导降水引起地基附加应力和地面沉降的理论计算公式,将理论计算值与工程实际监测数据对比分析。研究结果表明：改进后的计算方法能反应出浸润曲线以下土层所受附加应力的衰减效应;地面沉降受侧摩阻力的约束作用主要局限于1倍的最大水位沉降范围内;弦线模量计算得到的沉降值精度高于规范算法,能够较好地预测黄土地区降水期间坑周地面沉降量。研究结果可为计算类似黄土深基坑潜水层降水诱发地面沉降提供参考。     

Effect of Ce doping of TiO2 support on NH3-SCR activity over V2O5-WO3/CeO2-TiO2 catalyst

CeO2–TiO2composite supports with different Ce/Ti molar ratios were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method, and V2O5–WO3/CeO2–TiO2catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction（SCR） of NOx with NH3 were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by means of BET, XRD, UV–Vis,Raman and XPS techniques. The results showed that the catalytic activity of V2O5–WO3/TiO2 was greatly enhanced by Ce doping（molar ratio of Ce/Ti = 1/10） in the TiO2 support.The catalysts that were predominantly anatase TiO2 showed better catalytic performance than the catalysts that were predominantly fluorite CeO2. The Ce additive could enhance the surface adsorbed oxygen and accelerate the SCR reaction. The effects of O2 concentration, ratio of NH3/NO, space velocity and SO2 on the catalytic activity were also investigated. The presence of oxygen played an important role in NO reduction. The optimal ratio of NH3/NO was 1/1 and the catalyst had good resistance to SO2 poisoning.     

含氟废水处理中氟衰减的化学动力学研究

通过模拟实验，研究人氟化钙沉淀反应的动力学以及同离子效应、温度和ｐＨ条件对反应速度和最终结果的影响。结果表明：沉淀反应中氟的衰减速度率符合三级反应动力学方程：钙离子浓度的增加降低了沉淀反应的活化能，使沉淀反应的“启动时间”、半衰期、五分之四衰期、十分之九衰期大大缩短，并使水中氟化物浓度降至３．００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下；温度对氟化钙沉淀反应速度的影响符合阿螺尼乌斯（Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｎｇ）经验公式；沉淀反应的最     

TRMM多卫星资料在黑河上游降水时空特征研究中的应用

论文利用数字高程模型(DEM),使用多元回归模型对黑河上游2000-2009年TRMM多卫星降水资料的月数据进行了降尺度研究,并用地面气象台站观测数据对降尺度的结果进行了检验,检验结果表明这种降尺度的方法能够在不降低(甚至提高)数据质量的情况下,得到空间精度更高的降水资料。在此基础上,基于降尺度后的月降水数据,对黑河上游2000-2009年降水10 a平均值年总量空间变化,以及年内降水分配、年内降水的空间差异进行了分析。结果表明:①降尺度之后的数据比原始数据能更加表现降水变化的细节和趋势;②坡向对降水的影响表明,在东西方向,东坡的降水要高于西坡,最高可以达到10%,而南北坡的降水差异变化较小;③黑河上游2000-2009年的年平均降水为344 mm,整个上游大多数地区的降水主要分布在250~400 mm之间;④在海拔3 800 m以下,降水随高程的增加而增加,而在3 800 m以上,降水总体平均略有减少,但是降水的最大值出现在这一带;⑤黑河上游的降水具有东南-西北的递减趋势,但递减趋势在不同的月份存在差异;⑥降水量的年内分配极不均匀,冬春季稀少,主要降水集中在6-9月。