碳酸镁与铅的吸附和沉淀作用研究

本文系统研究了铅离子在不同初始pH值(4和7)和初始浓度(0~3 mmol/L)条件下与碳酸镁的相互作用。研究结果表明,由于碳酸镁的溶解作用和中和作用,体系的最终pH值保持在10.5左右;随着铅初始浓度的增加,体系的平衡pH值有增加的趋势,在大于0.75 mmol/L后p H值的变化不大;铅的平衡浓度随着初始浓度的增加而增加,在大于0.75 mmol/L后基本稳定;碳酸镁对铅的吸附等温线为折线型,在低浓度时的反应主要为表面配位吸附,而在高浓度时则发生表面沉淀,有Pb_3(CO_3)_2(OH)_2生成。     

改性粉煤灰的沉淀与吸附协同作用去除水体中磷研究

以建筑废弃物粉煤灰砖为吸附材料,经硫酸和盐酸改性研究了粉煤灰砖块粉末(fly ash brick powder,简称FABP)对水体中磷的净化效果,并探究了酸改性种类、投加量、接触时间、p H对磷去除率的影响。结果表明:酸改性后的FABP比表面积显著增大,且表面变得粗糙。硫酸改性粉煤灰砖块粉末(sulfuric acid modified fly ash brick powder,简称S-FABP)对水体中磷有良好的去除效果,当投加量为3.0g时磷去除率达到98.5%,且反应初始的5 min内磷的去除率达92.7%。分析S-FABP去除磷的机理为沉淀反应和吸附反应协同作用的结果,在酸性和碱性条件下有不同的沉淀反应发生。根据Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合结果,S-FABP对水中磷的吸附等温模型符合Langmuir模型,理论饱和吸附量为7.69 mg/g。     

附着微生物黄铁矾回流对不同温度酸性硫酸盐体系亚铁氧化及总铁沉淀的强化效果

氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)生物氧化Fe2+与石灰中和相耦合是一种具有发展潜力的酸性矿山废水处理工艺.在Fe2+生物氧化段提高Fe2+氧化与总Fe沉淀效率是调控此类废水高效处理的关键步骤,且该阶段常伴有黄铁矾等次生铁矿物的合成.本研究通过摇瓶实验,在p H约2.50的K2SO4(8 mmol·L-1)-Fe SO4(160 mmol·L-1)-H2O酸性硫酸盐体系中按约3×105cells·m L-1的浓度接入A.ferrooxidans,在15℃和30℃两个温度水平下,探究附着微生物的黄钾铁矾回流对体系Fe2+生物氧化与总Fe沉淀行为的影响.结果表明,15℃条件下培养至144h,体系p H变化至2.40,Fe2+氧化率和总Fe沉淀率分别仅为46.7%和12.2%.当体系接入附着微生物黄钾铁矾10 g·L-1时,体系Fe2+在132h即可完全氧化.144 h时,体系p H降低至2.24,总铁沉淀率为25.3%.30℃条件下体系Fe2+在72 h完全氧化,p H变化至1.89,总Fe沉淀率为34.3%.当体系接入回流的黄钾铁矾10 g·L-1时,体系Fe2+完全氧化时间缩短至60 h,p H降低至1.85,总Fe沉淀率为37.3%.本研究不同处理体系所得次生铁矿物均为黄钾铁矾,附着微生物黄铁矾回流对15℃环境所得黄钾铁矾形貌影响不大,均为粘附紧密、表面光滑的晶体形貌.而30℃环境中,附着微生物黄铁矾回流却使得原本较为分散、晶型棱角明显的黄铁矾晶体结构变得紧密而光滑.本研究结果可为酸性矿山废水处理提供一定的参数支撑.     

County‐Scale Rainwater Harvesting Feasibility in the United States: Climate,Collection Area,Density, and Reuse Considerations

Roof rainwater harvesting (RWH) has the potential to augment water supplies for urban and suburban uses throughout the United States (U.S.). Studies of the performance of RWH at the building and city scales in the U.S. are available, but a countrywide overview of the potential performance of RWH at the county scale has not been done before. Three approaches were taken: (1) assess the viability of RWH in terms of the rainfall that could be captured in relation to the water demand in each county (excluding agriculture), (2) evaluate the performance of a “typical” domestic RWH system across all counties with metrics related to its ability to supply the potable and nonpotable demand, and (3) evaluate the effect of adding a 50% rainwater reuse component to the analysis. We find RWH could be a viable supplemental water source in the U.S., particularly in counties of the Pacific Northwest, Central, and Eastern regions (percent demand covered >50%). Low population density counties have the potential to meet their annual water needs with RWH, while high‐density counties could only source a small portion (~20%) of their annual demand with RWH. Typical RWH systems in counties in the Central and Eastern U.S. performed better than in Western counties. Adding a reuse component can be a key factor in making RWH attractive in many areas of the country. This work can inform future water infrastructure investment and planning in the U.S.     

Estimating Lag to Peak between Rainfall and Peak Streamflow with a Mixed‐Effects Model

We test the use of a mixed‐effects model for estimating lag to peak for small basins in Maine (drainage areas from 0.8 to 78 km²). Lag to peak is defined as the time between the center of volume of the excess rainfall during a storm event and the resulting peak streamflow. A mixed‐effects model allows for multiple observations at sites without violating model assumptions inherent in traditional ordinary least squares models, which assume each observation is independent. The mixed model includes basin drainage area and maximum 15‐min rainfall depth for individual storms as explanatory features. Based on a remove‐one‐site cross‐validation analysis, the prediction errors of this model ranged from ?42% to +73%. The mixed model substantially outperformed three published models for lag to peak and one published model for centroid lag for estimating lag to peak for small basins in Maine. Lag to peak estimates are a key input to rainfall–runoff models used to design hydraulic infrastructure. The improved accuracy and consistency with model assumptions indicates that mixed models may provide increased data utilization that could enhance models and estimates of lag to peak in other regions.     

细菌气溶胶粒径分布特征的检测方法

采用分粒径撞击法监测细菌气溶胶的粒径分布特征,并与沉降法检测结果进行比较.研究结果显示,分粒径撞击法和自然沉降法测得空气细菌总数间存在显著的正相关关系;自然沉降法获得的细菌总数约占撞击法18%,并与撞击法第一级采集的细菌总数基本一致(P＞0.05).约70%的细菌分布在撞击法3-6级,该粒径范围的细菌与人体下呼吸道疾病密切相关.结果表明,计数空气中细菌数量可能能够反映与细菌性疾病流行的关系,而细菌在不同粒径的气溶胶中分布可能对特定疾病如呼吸道细菌感染更为重要.分粒径进行细菌计数可能对监测空气质量更有意义.     

火电厂除尘技术的发展动态研究

对近几年火电厂燃煤锅炉烟气除尘技术的应用状况及发展动态进行了简要分析总结,为选择适宜除尘技术提供参考。并提出了将电除尘布置在GGH之后,进行低温除尘的建议,由于烟气温度的降低,使烟尘比电阻处于适宜采用电除尘的范围,除尘效率显著提高。这样,利用现有普通电除尘器,不用增加成本,就可以满足烟尘排放要求。     

固定化活性氧化镧的化学除磷及其真空再生技术研究

为降低污水除磷成本、再生循环利用高效除磷剂、回收水体中磷,在此提出并研究了一种新型的化学除磷技术——固定化活性氧化镧（La2O3）化学除磷及其真空再生技术。该技术利用电解实现镧的固定,运用真空原理,实现氧化镧的再生和磷的回收。通过归纳各种常规除磷和新型除磷方法的特点,以及新型除磷方法的技术可行性,得出固定化活性La2O3化学除磷法较常规的除磷方法运行成本低,无污泥及二次污染产生,除磷效率高,可循环利用氧化镧除磷剂．回收利用水中的磷．     

造纸白泥处理含磷污水

研究造纸白泥去除水中磷酸盐的作用。白泥中含有Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋,Al^3＋等离子可与污水中的PO4^3-发生化学沉淀反应,实现污水除磷的目的。采用正交实验优化得到最佳工艺条件：水温25℃,白泥投放量8g,体系pH为8．反应时间80min。经静态实验处理,无机磷的去除率可达到84％。实验结果表明这种技术除磷效果好,处理成本低,是除磷的有效途径,特别适用于高浓度磷废水。     

一种沉淀法处理生活垃圾渗滤液的研究

生活垃圾渗滤液来源于生活垃圾的含水和地表径流和地下水的浸入。渗滤液是一种高浓度的有机废水。与工业废物一起填埋的垃圾渗滤液中还含有较多的重金属,垃圾浸滤液一旦控制不当,将会污染地下水,甚至对人体健康造成危害。目前研究垃圾浸滤液的方法已经成为水处理研究的热点,但研究生活垃圾浸出液中氨氮的去除比较少。本文首先介绍研究磷酸铵镁沉淀去除氨氮的原理,接下来讨论了磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮的各种因素,分析了各种最佳条件的形成。在去除氨氮同时,对重金属也有很好的去除效果。磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除氨氮同时形成的是一种重要复合肥料。MAP法可降低垃圾渗滤液中COD浓度,改善其可生化性,并具有对NH3-N去除率高,无二次污染,受温度影响很小等特点。