化学沉淀法处理有机胺废水的实验研究

用化学沉淀法对厌氧处理后有机胺废水中的氨氮进行处理研究,考察pH、n（Mg^2＋）：n（NH4^＋）、n（PO4^3-）：n（NH4^＋）、反应时间等影响因素。结果表明,在pH=10,反应时间10min,n（Mg）：n（N）：n（P）=1．2：1：1．2时氨氮由659．03mg/L降至58．52mg/L,去除效率达到91．12％。     

硫化物沉淀法处理含EDTA的重金属废水

在运用MINTEQA2模型对模拟重金属废水和EDTA萃取液中重金属离子形态进行分析的基础上,选用Na₂S沉淀法处理含EDTA的重金属废水. 结果表明:没有含EDTA的重金属废水,Cd2＋,Cu2＋,Pb2＋和Zn2＋是重金属离子的主要形态;而在含EDTA的模拟重金属废水和重金属萃取液中,重金属络合物是重金属离子的主要形态. 在c(EDTA)为0的条件下,Cd2＋,Cu2＋和Pb2＋的去除率达到100%,而Zn2＋的去除率仅为57.0%;随着c(EDTA)的增加,相同c(Na₂S)对废水中重金属的去除率逐渐下降. 在一定c(EDTA)的条件下,废水中重金属的去除率随着c(Na₂S)的增加而增加;但是在相同c(Na₂S)的条件下,Zn2＋的去除率较Cd2＋,Cu2＋和Pb2＋低. 工程实例进一步表明,Na₂S能够有效去除含EDTA重金属萃取液中的重金属离子,而完全去除Zn2＋则需要高浓度的Na₂S.      

模拟酸雨对石灰岩的破坏和表面腐蚀

硫酸是酸雨中腐蚀石灰岩的最主要成分,以不同pH值(4.0,5.6)的稀硫酸溶液模拟酸雨对石灰岩进行淋溶处理,研究不同酸度酸雨对石灰岩腐蚀的影响,包括溶液中pH值变化,Ca2+离子浓度变化、石灰岩表面粗糙度变化、重量损失和表面结构变化.结果表明,不同酸度酸雨淋溶后石灰岩都受到一定程度的影响,随着模拟酸雨酸度的增大,Ca2+的释放量呈上升趋势;Ca2+溶出速率,与H+的消耗速率不呈现明显的相关关系;经过120 h酸雨淋溶后,石灰岩重量损失率在0.083%～0.25%.酸雨淋溶后石灰岩表面结构产生了腐蚀,表面粗糙度增加,孔隙变深变宽,并在一定程度上缓解了酸雨的进一步腐蚀.表明高酸度雨水对南京六朝石刻等石灰岩建筑有影响.     

Ag-Cu触点废料制备超细铜粉

将Ag-Cu触点废料用酸溶解,再采用分步沉淀法去除Ag-Cu触点中的Ag+、Sn2+、Sn4+,抽滤后得到含CuCl2的溶液,然后采用液相还原法制备微米级铜粉(质量分数≥99.9%)。利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜测试颗粒的结构和形貌。结果表明:实验成功制备了形状均匀,粒径在0.3~0.6μm类球形的超细铜粉。     

天津市大气降水化学组分变化趋势及来源研究

2001—2013年对天津市降水样品进行了采集,分析了p H、电导率(EC)、主要离子浓度(SO2-4、NO-3、Cl-、F-、NH+4、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+).结果表明:2001—2013年,降水的雨量加权平均p H、EC分别为5.48、87μS·cm-1.降雨的p H、EC及总离子当量浓度呈现上升趋势,酸雨频率呈现下降趋势.降水中各离子雨量加权平均当量浓度排列顺序为:SO2-4Ca2+NH+4NO-3Cl-Mg2+Na+F-K+,SO2-4、Ca2+、NH+4和NO-3是降水中的主要离子,占离子总量的84.8%.SO2-4雨量加权平均当量浓度表现为先轻微上升,后显著下降趋势.NO-3、Ca2+雨量加权平均当量浓度表现为明显上升趋势.NH+4雨量加权平均当量浓度显示为下降趋势.F-、Cl-、K+、Mg2+、Na+等雨量加权平均当量浓度变化趋势基本保持平稳.SO2-4对总阴离子的分担率、NH+4总阳离子的分担率均呈现下降趋势.NO-3对总阴离子的分担率、Ca2+对总阳离子的分担率均呈现明显上升趋势.[NO-3]/[SO2-4]、[Ca2+]/[NH+4]呈现出明显上升趋势.富集因子计算结果表明:Ca2+主要来自地壳.Mg2+和K+部分来自海源输入,但绝大部分来自地壳.大部分Cl-来自海源的输入,其余小部分来自地壳和人为排放.降水中SO2-4、NO-3主要来自人为活动.     

Emergency drinking water treatment in source water pollution incident—technology and practice in China

An investigation into emergency potable water treatment technologies was conducted to investigate China’s water pollution situation. In order to confirm optimum parameters, the technological efficiency of each pollutant was obtained. About 100 contaminants were tested to find the emergency treatment technologies, most of which were found to be positive. This paper presents the three largest and most significant water pollution incidents in China to date, analyzing cases such as the nitrobenzene pollution incident in the Songhua River in November 2005, the cadmium pollution incident in the Beijiang River in December 2005, and the water crisis with odorous tap water in Wuxi City in May 2007.     

Ca2+对酸性硫酸盐环境中次生铁矿物合成的影响

通过摇瓶培养试验,在富铁酸性硫酸盐环境中,探析0、50、100、200或400mg/L Ca2+加入对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A. ferrooxidans)生物合成次生铁矿物过程的影响.分析了体系pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、Fe2+氧化率、总Fe沉淀率以及次生铁矿物矿相等相关指标的变化情况.结果表明,0~24h培养过程中,各体系pH值、ORP、Fe2+氧化率及总Fe沉淀率变化幅度基本一致.24~108h培养过程中,体系中Ca2+加入量越大,Fe2+氧化越迅速,相应总Fe沉淀率相对较高.400mg/L Ca2+的加入使得体系Fe2+在72h氧化完全,总Fe沉淀率在108h达到39.1%.0、50、100或200mg/L Ca2+ 加入的体系在24~84h培养过程中,体系Fe2+氧化速率随着Ca2+加入量逐渐增加而依次升高,并在84h Fe2+氧化完全,且在108h,相应体系总Fe沉淀率分别为27.0%、29.7%、33.9%或36.9%.不同体系所得次生铁矿物均为施氏矿物与黄铁矾的混合物.本研究结果对明晰富铁酸性硫酸盐环境钙离子调控生物成因次生铁矿物合成的影响机理有一定指导意义.     

Modification of the activated sludge model for chemical dosage

Full-scale experiments have been carried out to adapt the activated sludge model ASM2d to include the influence of metal dosage (Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺) for phosphorus removal. Phosphorus removal rates, nitrification rates, as well as pH and sludge settling performance, were evaluated as functions of the metal dosages. Furthermore, models relating certain parameters to the dosage of chemicals have been derived. Corresponding parameters in the ASM2d and the secondary settler models, included in the Benchmark Simulation Model No 1 (BSM1), have been modified to take the metal influence into consideration. Based on the effluent limits and penalty policy of China, an equivalent evaluation method was derived for the total cost assessment. A large number of 300-day steady-state and 14-day open-loop dynamic simulations were performed to demonstrate the difference in behavior between the original and the modified BSM1. The results show that 1) both in low and high mole concentrations, Fe³⁺ addition results in a higher phosphorus removal rate than Al³⁺; 2) the sludge settling velocity will increase due to the metal addition; 3) the respiration rate of the activated sludge is decreased more by the dosage of Al³⁺ than Fe³⁺; 4) the inhibition of Al³⁺ on the nitrification rate is stronger than that of Fe³⁺; 5) the total operating cost will reach the minimum point for smaller dosages of Fe³⁺, but always increase with Al³⁺ addition.     

基于标准化降水蒸散指数的中国东部季风区干旱特征分析

研究基于标准化降水蒸散指数,采用0.5°×0.5°中国地面气温和降水数据集,通过分析东部季风区季节和年尺度干旱覆盖率、频率以及单位面积干旱强度,揭示了中国东部季风区1961—2013年干旱特征时空分布变化。研究结果表明：近20 a东部季风区干旱特征变化明显,特别是1997年之后东部季风区干旱覆盖率和单位面积干旱强度显著增加;东北地区、华北平原、黄土高原和西南地区干旱频率增加,高频率覆盖范围扩大明显;气象干旱极端危险区扩大。全球变暖背景下东部季风区干旱呈现出极端化趋势。     

Retention characteristics of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions by two types of low lime fly ashes

The technical feasibility of utilization of fly ash as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of metals from water has been studied. For two types of fly ashes, the retention capacities of copper, lead, and zinc metal ions have been studied. Contact time, initial concentration, and pH have been varied and their effect on retention mechanism has been studied. The dominant mechanisms responsible for retention are found to be precipitation due to the presence of calcium hydroxide, and adsorption due to the presence of silica and alumina oxide surfaces in the fly ash. First-order kinetic plots have revealed that the rate constant increases with increase in the initial concentration and pH. Langmuir adsorption isotherms have been plotted to study the maximum adsorption capacities for metal ions considered under different conditions. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of new peaks corresponding to respective metal ions precipitates under alkaline conditions.