Microbial communities biostimulated by ethanol during uranium (VI) bioremediation in contaminated sediment as shown by stable isotope probing

Stable isotope probing (SIP) was used to identify microbes stimulated by ethanol addition in microcosms containing two sediments collected from the bioremediation test zone at the US Department of Energy Oak Ridge site, TN, USA. One sample was highly bioreduced with ethanol while another was less reduced. Microcosms with the respective sediments were amended with ¹³C labeled ethanol and incubated for 7 days for SIP. Ethanol was rapidly converted to acetate within 24 h accompanied with the reduction of nitrate and sulfate. The accumulation of acetate persisted beyond the 7 d period. Aqueous U did not decline in the microcosm with the reduced sediment due to desorption of U but continuously declined in the less reduced sample. Microbial growth and concomitant ¹³C-DNA production was detected when ethanol was exhausted and abundant acetate had accumulated in both microcosms. This coincided with U(VI) reduction in the less reduced sample. ¹³C originating from ethanol was ultimately utilized for growth, either directly or indirectly, by the dominant microbial community members within 7 days of incubation. The microbial community was comprised predominantly of known denitrifiers, sulfate-reducing bacteria and iron (III) reducing bacteria including Desulfovibrio, Sphingomonas, Ferribacterium, Rhodanobacter, Geothrix, Thiobacillus and others, including the known U(VI)-reducing bacteria Acidovorax, Anaeromyxobacter, Desulfovibrio, Geobacter and Desulfosporosinus. The findings suggest that ethanol biostimulates the U(VI)-reducing microbial community by first serving as an electron donor for nitrate, sulfate, iron (III) and U(VI) reduction, and acetate which then functions as electron donor for U(VI) reduction and carbon source for microbial growth.     

Evaluation of vitamin E and calcium effects on fluoride toxicity-induced fertility impairment

Chronic fluoride (Fl) toxicity is a serious public health problem globally where drinking water contains more than 1 ppm of Fl. Sodium fluoride (NaF) produced male reproductive system toxicity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the amelioration of Fl toxicity-induced fertility impairment by vitamin E and calcium during the withdrawal period. The study was carried out on 70 adult male albino rats divided into five main groups: group I control; subdivided into group Ia (maintained on standard diet and water ad libitum for 60 days) and group Ib (maintained on standard diet and water ad libitum for 120 days), group II was administered NaF and subdivided into group IIa (administered NaF for 60 day and sacrificed) and group IIb (administered NaF for 60 day then maintained on standard diet and water ad libitum for a further 60 days), and treated groups III, IV, and V were administered NaF. Rats were maintained during withdrawal from NaF, on vitamin E (10 mg kg^?1 day^?1 for 60 days), calcium (50 mg kg^?1 day^?1 orally for 60 days), and both vitamin E and calcium, respectively. The duration of NaF administration was 60 days at a dose 20 mg kg^?1 day^?1 for all treated groups. The following parameters were determined: body and organ weights, sperm motility, sperm morphology, sperm viability, fertility test, and hormone assays: testosterone, in vitro testosterone production, luteinizing hormone, and follicular stimulating hormone. The combined administration of vitamin E and calcium during withdrawal from NaF showed significant improvement from chronic FL-induced toxicity on male reproductive organs.     

硝酸钙对河流底泥中含硫化合物嗅味原位控制

以硝酸钙作为氧化剂,对深圳河污染底泥典型嗅味物质AVS（酸挥发性硫化物）和GEM（土臭素）及2 MIB（2 甲基异莰醇）进行原位控制. 结果表明,当硝酸钙投加量（以单位质量AVS所需NO3- N质量计）为1.68 g/g,AVS去除率达到92%,且可有效避免硝酸钙向上覆水释放,适合工程应用. 但是,硝酸钙对河流底泥GEM和2 MIB等典型嗅味物质的原位控制效果较差. 硝酸钙能够引起底泥中微生物多样性增加,16S rDNA指纹图谱显示,优势菌株包括去除AVS的脱氮硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thioparus),反硝化细菌(Simplicispira sp.和Rhodanobacter sp).以及降解有机物的菌株(Simplicispira sp.、Lysobacter sp.、Pseudoxanthomonas sp.)等.      

Does copper reduce cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes？

A hydroponics experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of copper （Cu） on cadmium （Cd）, calcium （Ca）, iron （Fe）, and zinc （Zn） uptake by several rice genotypes. The experiment was carried out as a 2×2×4 factorial with four rice genotypes and two levels of Cu and Cd in nutrient solution. Plants were grown in a growth chamber with controlled environment. The results showed a significant difference between the biomass of different rice genotypes （P 〈 0.001）. The Cd and Cu concentration in the solution had no significant effect on the biomass. The addition of Cu significantly decreased Cd uptake by shoots and roots of rice （P 〈 0.001）. The Cd concentration did not significantly influence Ca uptake by plants, whereas the Cu concentration did （P = 0.034）. There was a significant influence of Cd on Fe uptake by shoots and roots （P 〈 0.001, P = 0.003, respectively）. Zn uptake decreased significantly as the addition of Cd and Cu increased in shoots. We concluded that Cu had significant influence on Cd uptake. The possible mechanisms were discussed.     

乙酸钠作为碳源不同污泥源短程反硝化过程亚硝酸盐积累特性

为探究乙酸钠作为碳源时,不同污泥源外源短程反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累特性,采用1号和2号SBR分别接种某污水处理厂二沉池和同步硝化反硝化除磷系统剩余污泥,通过合理控制初始硝酸盐浓度和缺氧时间,实现了短程反硝化的启动,并考察了其在不同初始COD和NO_3~--N浓度条件下的碳、氮去除特性.试验结果表明:以乙酸钠为碳源,1号和2号SBR可分别在21 d和20 d实现短程反硝化的成功启动,且其NO_2~--N积累量和亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)均维持在较高水平,分别为12. 61 mg·L-1、79. 76%和13. 85 mg·L-1、87. 60%.当2号SBR初始NO_3~--N浓度为20 mg·L-1,且初始COD浓度由60mg·L-1升高至140 mg·L-1时,系统实现最高NO_2~--N积累时间可由160 min逐渐缩短至6 min,同时NO_3~--N比反硝化速率(以VSS计)由3. 84 mg·(g·h)-1增加至7. 35 mg·(g·h)-1,初始COD浓度的提高有利于实现短程反硝化过程NO_2~--N积累. 2号SBR初始COD浓度为100 mg·L-1,当初始NO_3~--N浓度由20 mg·L-1增加至30 mg·L-1时,系统NAR均维持在90%以上,最高可达100%(NO_3~--N初始浓度为25 mg·L-1);当初始NO_3~--N浓度≥35 mg·L-1时,系统COD不足导致NO_3~--N不能被完全还原为NO_2~--N.此外,在不同初始COD浓度(80、100、120 mg·L-1)和NO_3~--N浓度(20、25、30、40 mg·L-1)条件下,2号SBR的脱氮除碳和短程反硝化性能均优于1号SBR.     

腐殖酸与钙离子共存下ZVI界面沉积过程

为精准分析环境介质在零价铁（ZVI）界面沉积过程和沉积层特性,采用喷涂方法制备ZVI负载芯片,应用耗散式石英晶体微天平（QCMD）研究了腐殖酸（HA）与钙离子（Ca（Ⅱ））在ZVI界面沉积吸附过程的差异,并探讨了Ca（Ⅱ）浓度与HA/Ca（Ⅱ）投加顺序对沉积过程的影响机理.结果表明,在反应体系中先通入HA相较先通入Ca（Ⅱ）,ZVI表面形成的沉积层质量更高、沉积层结构更稳定;HA沉积后可促进Ca（Ⅱ）沉积,然而Ca（Ⅱ）先沉积后HA沉积量较少,很大程度上与吸附层外层结构组成差异相关.此外,发现随着Ca（Ⅱ）浓度从10mg/L升高至200mg/L,Ca（Ⅱ）沉积速率加快,界面沉积量增多.QCMD耗散变化研究发现,当Ca（Ⅱ）浓度从10mg/L提高至100mg/L,沉积层耗散变化值（ΔD）逐渐下降,沉积层转变为刚性结构;Ca（Ⅱ）浓度继续加大到200mg/L,ΔD升高趋势,沉积层构象呈现疏松态.应用QCMD可实时监测ZVI钝化层形成的动态变化过程,提供了ZVI界面吸附层变化特征等关键信息.     

Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors

Previous research in our laboratory reported a convenient laboratory-scale composting test method to study the weight loss of polymer films in aerobic thermophilic (53°C) reactors maintained at a 60% moisture content. The laboratory-scale compost reactors contained the following synthetic compost mixture (percentage on dry-weight basis): tree leaves (45.0), shredded paper (16.5), food (6.7), meat (5.8), cow manure (17.5), sawdust (1.9), aluminum and steel shavings (2.4), glass beads (1.3), urea (1.9), and a compost seed (1.0) which is designated Mix-1 in this work. To simplify the laboratory-scale compost weight loss test method and better understand how compost mixture compositions and environmental parameters affect the rate of plastic degradation, a systematic variation of the synthetic mixture composition as well as the moisture content was carried out. Cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 1.7 and cellophane films were chosen as test polymer substrates for this work. The extent of CA DS-1.7 and cellophane weight loss as a function of the exposure time remained unchanged when the metal and glass components of the mixture were excluded in Mix-2. Further study showed that large variations in the mixture composition such as the replacement of tree leaves, food, meat, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood and alfalfa (forming Mix-C) could be made with little or no change in the time dependence of CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. In contrast, substituting tree leaves, food, meat, cow manure, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood in combination with either Rabbit Choice (Mix-D) or starch and urea (Mix-E) resulted in a significant time increase (from 7 to 12 days) for the complete disappearance of CA DS-1.7 films. Interestingly, in this work no direct correlation was observed between the C/N ratio (which ranged from 13.9 to 61.4) and the CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. Decreasing moisture contents of the compost Mix-2 from 60 and 50 and 40% resulted in dramatic changes in polymer degradation such that CA DS-1.7 showed an increase in the time period for a complete disappearance of polymer films from 6 to 16 and 30 days, respectively.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

PTA废液回收利用技术

介绍了从精对苯二甲酸（PTA）废液中回收醋酸,邻、对苯二甲酸,醋酸钴锰盐的回收工艺。醋酸得率为90％,邻、对苯二甲酸得率为70％,醋酸钴锰盐得率为95％。该技术成熟、合理,具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

Polymer Mineralization in Soils: Effects of Cold Storage on Microbial Populations and Biodegradation Potential

Soil retrieval, processing and storage procedures can have a profound effect on soil microorganisms. In particular, changes in soil microbial populations may adversely affect the biological activity of a soil and drastically alter the soil's potential to mineralize added substrates. The effects of cold storage on the biodegradation of a series of test polymers was investigated using two soils—a synthetic soil mix (SM-L8) and a field soil (Bridgehampton silt loam) from Rhode Island (RI-1). Biodegradation tests were conducted using freshly prepared/collected soil and again following storage at 4°C for 3 to 8 months. Prior to each biodegradation test, the soils were incubated at 60% water-holding capacity (WHC) and 25°C to rejuvenate the microbial populations; the soils were incubated for periods of 48 h (freshly collected soil) or 25 days (soils stored at 4°C). Soil microbial populations were assessed by enumerating different segments of the population on agar plates containing different selective media. Mineralization of the test polymers (cellulose, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, and starch acetate, d.s. 1.5) was monitored using standard respirometric techniques. Our results demonstrated that cold storage had a generally negative effect on the soil microbial populations themselves but that its effect on the capacity of the soil microorganisms to degrade the test polymers varied between soils and polymer type. Whereas cold storage resulted in dramatic shifts in the community structure of the soil microbial populations, substantial restoration of these populations was possible by first conditioning the soils at 60% WHC and ambient temperatures for 25 days. Likewise, although the effects of cold storage on polymer mineralization varied with the test polymer and soil, these effects could be largely offset by including an initial 25-day stabilization period in the test.     

聚环氧琥珀酸钠阻碳酸钙垢性能研究

研究了聚环氧琥珀酸钠在不同因素下的阻碳酸钙性能。实验结果表明 ,聚环氧琥珀酸钠具有较高的阻垢性能和较好的热稳定性 ,在高钙离子浓度、高温水系统中长时间停留对碳酸钙仍有较强的抑制作用。