The Effects of Liming On Soil Chemistry at Loch Fleet,Scotland

An experiment to investigate how the water quality of acid lakes can be improved by liming the surrounding catchment was begun at Loch Fleet, Scotland in 1984. the effects on the soils of three sectors of the catchment where limestone was added in 1986 are reported here, following analysis of soils sampled in 1987, 1988 and 1991. the effect of the lime on soil chemistry was still evident in 1991, with about 15% of free lime remaining in the hydrochemical reaction zone of sectors IV and VI and nearly 50% in sector VII. However, this free lime appeared to be dissolving too slowly to maintain large amounts of exchangeable calcium in the soils, indicating that the treatment is starting to become less effective. the fall in the mean exchangeable calcium in the reaction zone between 1988 and 1991 was mirrored by a drop in mean soil pH over the 5 years post-liming from 6.1 to 5.6 on sector IV and from 5.9 to 5.4 on sector VI, whereas mean pH remained constant at about 6.0 in the limed areas of sector VII. Using soil data to predict longevity suggests that the exchangeable calcium remaining on the catchment at the end of 1991 will maintain target water quality in the loch until sometime during 1994. the soil pH is likely to fall to between 5.2 and 5.3 by this time. If the region of hydrochemical reaction is assumed to extend to a depth of 20 cm rather than 5 cm, target water quality is predicted to be maintained until the end of 1995. When the free lime remaining on the catchment is included as a source of acid neutralising capacity, calculations show that treatment may remain effective until around the year 2000.     

K-Ca-Mg-Cl-H_2O体系中硫酸钙结晶介稳区的研究

对K-Ca-Mg-Cl-H2O体系中硫酸钙结晶介稳区进行了研究。以一定浓度氯化钙溶液与硫酸镁溶液反应结晶的方式,采用激光散射法测定了不同浓度复合盐溶液和温度下硫酸钙过饱和度与结晶之间的关系,并测定了与之平衡的溶解度,从而确定该体系中硫酸钙结晶介稳区宽度,探讨了影响结晶介稳区的因素,以及硫酸钙结晶和结晶相与复合盐溶液浓度、温度、结晶介稳区之间的关系。     

GP/APP膨胀阻燃体系对硅橡胶复合材料阻燃及抑烟性能的影响

为了探究石墨粉 (GP) 与聚磷酸铵 (APP) 膨胀阻燃体系对硅橡胶复合材料的阻燃及抑烟特性的影响,采用锥形量热仪 (CCT)、热重分析仪 (TG) 及极限氧指数测试仪 (LOI) 对阻燃硅橡胶复合材料进行表征。研究结果表明:与单独添加膨胀阻燃剂APP的阻燃硅橡胶相比,添加GP/APP膨胀阻燃体系可有效提升燃烧过程中形成的膨胀碳层的致密度,降低阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的热释放速率及总烟释放量,提高阻燃硅橡胶复合材料高温阶段的热稳定性,提升阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的燃烧成炭率和质量保持率; 使阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的氧指数值增大。     

Application of an early warning indicator and CaO to maximize the time–space-yield of an completely mixed waste digester using rape seed oil as co-substrate

In order to increase the organic loading rate (OLR) and hereby the performance of biogas plants an early warning indicator (EWI-VFA/Ca) was applied in a laboratory-scale biogas digester to control process stability and to steer additive dosing. As soon as the EWI-VFA/Ca indicated the change from stable to instable process conditions, calcium oxide was charged as a countermeasure to raise the pH and to bind long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) by formation of aggregates. An interval of eight days between two increases of the OLR, which corresponded to 38% of the hydraulic residence time (HRT), was sufficient for process adaptation. An OLR increase by a factor of three within six weeks was successfully used for biogas production. The OLR was increased to 9.5 kg volatile solids (VS) m^?3 d^?1 with up to 87% of fat. The high loading rates affected neither the microbial community negatively nor the biogas production process. Despite the increase of the organic load to high rates, methane production yielded almost its optimum, amounting to 0.9 m³ (kg VS)^?1. Beneath several uncharacterized members of the phylum Firmicutes mostly belonging to the family Clostridiaceae, a Syntrophomonas-like organism was identified that is known to live in a syntrophic relationship to methanogenic archaea. Within the methanogenic group, microorganisms affiliated to Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus and Methanobacterium dominated the community.     

电石法聚氯乙烯生产行业的汞污染防治

结合我国电石法聚氯乙烯生产行业的发展现状,提出了采用低汞触媒替代高汞触媒以降低汞消耗、开发高效除汞器以提高脱汞效率、深度解吸废盐酸以解决汞转移问题、深度处理含汞废水以实现综合利用、优化工艺控制以降低汞触媒消耗、改善防护措施以减轻汞扩散等汞污染防治工作的要点。     

化学物添加控制湖泊内源磷负荷的有效性研究

利用太湖五里湖湖水和未受破坏原柱状沉积物样组成的系统进行投加生石灰、铁盐和铝盐的湖水脱磷效果的实验室研究。分别一次性向各柱状样上覆水体中投加6种不同质量浓度的铝盐、钙盐和铁盐溶液,经过一段时间的观察和测定。结果表明,3种化学物的添加均能使实验上覆水体中总磷质量浓度大幅度降低,并且随着投加的生石灰、铁盐和铝盐的量的增加,上覆水体中总磷的质量浓度下降幅度越大,水体中总磷的去除率越高,同时这3种化学物的添加对湖泊沉积物内源磷的释放有一定的抑制作用。     

含聚乙烯氧基长侧链共聚物阻磷酸钙垢性能研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,含不同乙烯氧基重复单元数n的烯丙基聚乙烯氧基硫酸铵(ASn,n=5,10,15,20)和马来酸酐(MA)为单体在水溶液中聚合,合成对循环冷却水系统中磷酸钙垢有显著阻垢效果的共聚物MSn(n=5,10,15,20),并利用红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)对聚合物MS10结构进行了表征。采用静态阻垢方法探讨了共聚物MSn中n值以及聚合物用量、溶液中Fe2+、Ca2+、杀生剂和溶液pH值、溶液温度对共聚物阻磷酸钙垢性能的影响。结果表明MSn用量存在临界值效应,MS10阻磷酸钙垢性能最好,在投加量为6 mg/L时MS10阻磷酸钙垢率达92%,且在高Fe2+浓度、高Ca2+浓度、高pH值以及高温条件下具有优异的阻磷酸钙垢性能,与异噻唑啉酮杀生剂和含氯含溴杀生剂有很好的配伍性。实验表明MS10是一种性能优异的循环水用阻磷酸钙阻垢剂。     

我国电石法生产聚氯乙烯行业汞排放清单

提出了我国电石法聚氯乙烯(PVC)生产全生命周期汞排放清单的计算方法。采用低汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒无盐酸脱吸工艺的汞输入因子分别为0.045 g/kt、0.091 g/kt和0.122 g/kt,回收产品的汞输出分布因子分别为95.37%、81.97%和97.18%。估算得到:2010年我国电石法PVC生产汞输入量792.8~814.8 t;回收的产品汞705.9~724.4 t,通过大气无组织排放、管道残留以及其他未知途径汞排放79.6~82.8 t;废水汞排放1.3 t;固体废物汞排放3.6~3.7 t;废酸汞排放2.5~2.6 t。回收的产品汞是汞输出的主要途径。     

煤燃烧固氟剂及固氟效果研究

通过热力学分析煤燃烧过程中钙基固氟剂固氟反应机理和高温高效钙基固氟剂开发原则;通过流化床和链条炉燃烧试验考察石灰石和钙基固氟剂燃烧固氟效果.试验表明:流化床燃烧时石灰石燃烧固氟效果明显,在Ca/F=60～70时,脱氟率可达到66.7%～70.0%;链条炉燃烧试验表明:利用工业废料开发的钙基固氟剂固氟效果显著,在Ca/F=65～80时,脱氟率为57.32%～75.19%.在燃煤过程添加石灰石和钙基固氟剂具有固氟固硫的双重作用.     

Effect of impurities on desulfurization properties of limestone during coal gasification

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