基于包扎法的石化乙烯装置挥发性有机物排放特征

装置泄露是石油炼化生产过程中重要的挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放源.基于动态吹扫包扎法采样和预浓缩­­-GC/MS分析方法,对我国南方某石化企业乙烯生产过程中裂解装置的压缩、分离系统及芳烃抽提装置的泄漏组件进行了VOCs排放特征研究.结果表明:烷烃(49.7%~82.4%)含量最高,其次是烯烃(3.2%~35.7%)和芳香烃(5.5%~14.4%); 2-甲基戊烷、甲基环己烷、3-甲基己烷及2,3-二甲基丁烷在整个乙烯生产中都有重要比重.乙烯和反-2-丁烯是裂解装置的重要标志,而苯和甲苯是芳烃抽提装置的重要标志;臭氧生成潜势主要来自于烯烃,尤其是乙烯的贡献率最大,占总烯烃贡献的47.0%~73.0%.参考美国环保局推荐的Method-21,计算了轻液介质阀门的排放速率,获得其泄露排放速率与泄露浓度之间的定量关系为y=3×10^-7x^0.993(R²=0.788).     

Criteria and indicators for a bioenergy production industry identified via stakeholder participation

As bioenergy production expands and new bioenergy-based technologies emerge, there is a growing concern regarding the sustainability of their ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Comprehensive sustainability assessments are needed to address this concern and to assure that the development of the bioenergy industry meets sustainability goals. Most sustainability assessments for bioenergy are expert-driven, broad, and largely motivated by an interest in optimizing international trade in bioenergy. As a result, social and cultural sustainability targets are vague or underdeveloped. In this study, we developed a sustainability assessment for a regional bioenergy production industry in Upper Michigan, using stakeholder participation. Semi-structured interviews and focus group meetings were used to elicit participants’ concerns and opinion. These concerns were translated into sustainability Criteria and Indicators (C&Is), many of which could be supported with available science. Some of the C&Is identified by participants were unique to the region. Sustainability C&Is were broadly categorized into economic (C = 5; I = 22), environmental (C = 6; I = 12), social (C = 3; I = 9), policy and regulations (C = 3; I = 13), and institutional capacity (C = 4; I = 13). While participants could identify indicators for most of the criteria (many of which are also supported by existing literature), further research and validation will be necessary to identify measurable, practical, and bias-free indicators for all criteria.     

条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与富集砷的关系

研究条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与条斑紫菜富集砷的关系。结果表明:条斑紫菜吸收磷、钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中,平均占总磷含量的53.9%,占总钙含量的61.25%,其次为细胞液。与对照组相比(砷暴露浓度0.5 mg·L~(-1)),在添加磷浓度为0.1 mg·L~(-1)和1.0 mg·L~(-1)处理组中,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间呈现协同效应;当添加磷浓度为5.0 mg·L~(-1)和10.0 mg·L~(-1)时,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间则呈现拮抗作用,砷的富集量分别比照组下降61.37%和72.73%。经添加钙液暴露过的条斑紫菜,当钙暴露浓度为1 000 mg·L~(-1)时其对砷的富集量比对照组减少15.51%。可知,5.0 mg·L~(-1)磷处理条斑紫菜,条斑紫菜对砷的富集受到明显的抑制。     

Fe-Mn-sepiolite as an effective heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue

A study of the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue in an aqueous solution using Fe-Mn-sepiolite as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst has been performed. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the catalyst showed bending vibrations of the Fe-O. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst showed characteristic diffraction peaks of α-Fe₂O₃, γ-Fe₂O₃ and MnO. A four factor central composite design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate and optimize the important variables (catalyst addition, hydrogen peroxide dosage, initial pH value and initial dye concentration). When the reaction conditions were catalyst dosage= 0.4 g, [H₂O₂]= 0.3 mL, pH= 2.5, [reactive brilliant blue]_o = 50 mg·L⁻¹, and volume of solution= 500 mL at room temperature, the decolorization efficiency of reactive brilliant blue was 91.98% within 60 min. Moreover, the Fe-Mn-sepiolite catalyst had good stability for the degradation of reactive brilliant blue even after six cycles. Leaching of iron ions (<0.4 mg·L⁻¹) was observed. The decoloring process was reactive brilliant blue specific via a redox reaction. The benzene ring and naphthalene ring were first oxidized to open ring; these were then oxidized to the alcohol and carboxylic acid. The reactive brilliant blue was decomposed mainly by the attack of ·OH radicals including surface-bound ·OH radicals generated on the catalyst surface.     

中国区域HCFC-142b排放量模式反演研究

利用拉格朗日粒子扩散模式FLEXPART结合上甸子区域本底站在线观测HCFC-142b数据,采取自上而下的反演方法,估算了2009和2010年中国HCFC-142b的排放量分别为10.82kt/a和15.42kt/a,分别占全球HCFC-142b排放量的29.7%和45.8%.反演HCFC-142b排放量的空间分布结果显示其排放源主要集中在京津冀、四川、山东西部以及长江中下游地区,与相关研究中自下而上方法获得的排放量分布一致.模式反演源较先验源更接近观测数据,2009年相关系数从0.38提高到0.47,2010年相关系数则从0.60提高到0.65.     

稳定剂对电解锰废渣中高浓度可溶性锰稳定效果的影响

为满足大宗废渣经济性处理的需要,从碱性物质、磷酸盐、碳酸盐类药剂筛选出“物美价廉”稳定剂,考察了CaO、MgO和Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2及其与NaHCO3和Na3PO4的组合对电解锰废渣中的可溶性锰的稳定化效果,并采用矿物组成分析、锰价态分析和形态变化探讨可溶性锰固定机理.结果表明:投加10%MgO锰渣中可溶性锰固定率达到100%,9%CaO+5%NaHCO3和9%CaO+5%Na3PO4的组合实现可溶性锰固定率95%以上.上述3组稳定剂将可溶性Mn2+先转变为沉淀态锰进一步转变为高价态含锰物相.后两组中NaHCO3或Na3PO4的加入促进了Mn2+向Mn3+、Mn4+的转化.     

晋江流域污染负荷空间分布及关键源区识别

提出了利用水文和水质同步监测资料计算流域污染负荷空间分布的一般程序,并探讨了采用污染负荷贡献与集水区面积占比关系识别流域污染关键源区的方法,并在晋江流域进行了实例应用.结果表明:晋江下游取水口金鸡断面污染负荷主要来自东溪和西溪,枯水期CODMn、NH3-N和TP负荷分别是226.8、27.1和17.1g/s,占丰、平水期的18%~67%.丰、枯水期东溪和西溪对金鸡断面污染负荷贡献基本相当,而平水期西溪贡献显著大于东溪.晋江流域污染关键源区分别为蓬壶-长厅桥区间、长厅桥-港龙区间、横口-园美区间等5个断面区间,该关键源区识别方法不仅较好反映了污染物浓度和污染负荷在流域内的空间分布,同时还指出了主要污染物及敏感时期,可为后期的污染治理提供依据.本研究提出的污染负荷贡献计算程序以及关键源区识别方法具有较好的普适性,可为其他流域提供借鉴.     

XDLVO理论解析有机物和钙离子对纳滤膜生物污染的影响

为了揭示有机物和Ca2+浓度对纳滤膜生物污染的影响机制,选用铜绿假单胞菌(PA)为模式菌株,海藻酸钠(SA)、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和腐殖酸(HA)为典型废水有机物,采用extended derjaguin–landau–verwey–overbeek(XDLVO)理论定量解析了不同进水条件下膜预处理和生物污染过程的界面相互作用.结果表明,Ca2+浓度为5mmol/L时,SA预处理后膜面亲水性最强,粘聚自由能高达42.96mJ/m2,与PA、SA的界面自由能最高,分别为45.85和39.64mJ/m2,抑制膜的生物污染.而Ca2+浓度为2mmol/L时,BSA预处理后膜面疏水性最强,粘聚自由能低至–40.32mJ/m2,与PA、BSA的界面自由能最低,分别为3.49和–26.36mJ/m2,促进膜的生物污染.所有污染过程中,范德华作用能差异较小,而静电作用能绝对值极小,贡献微弱,有机物和Ca2+浓度对膜生物污染的影响主要体现在对疏水作用能的影响.     

农田灰钙土中有机质和碳酸钙对Zn吸附-解吸行为的影响

采用序批平衡法,研究了Zn在去除有机质及去除碳酸钙前后灰钙土的吸附-解吸行为.结果表明,在试验土壤中吸附量均随着加入Zn浓度的增加而增加,且去碳酸钙土对Zn吸附固定能力明显低于灰钙土,即有机质对灰钙土Zn的吸附影响小于碳酸钙;去有机质及去碳酸钙前后灰钙土对Zn的吸附过程不适合用 Langmuir方程描述,而 Freundlich方程能够很好地拟合,调整后的决定系数R2￠均大于0.90,达到极显著水平(P<0.01);去除有机质和碳酸钙后灰钙土对Zn的解吸率都升高,且灰钙土去碳酸钙后解吸率略高于去有机质;去除有机质及碳酸钙前后灰钙土的解吸量均随吸附量的升高而升高,且去碳酸钙土解吸量最大,去有机质土次之,灰钙土最小;土壤有机质和碳酸钙对Zn均有较强的络合吸附效应,能有效降低Zn的迁移活性,从而促进吸附,抑制解吸.     

水合物法海水淡化脱盐效率研究

采用水合物生成装置分别加入二氧化碳和甲烷气体通过水合物法进行2组海水淡化实验。每组实验分别提取3次不同反应时间的水合物晶体,检测水合物中Na+、Mg2+、K+、Ca2+、B3+的离子浓度。结果表明:CH4水合物形成过程中,盐离子的脱盐效率与离子半径和所带电荷量呈线性相关性。CO2水合物生成实验中,由于Ca2+与CO2-3反应生成Ca CO3颗粒,故Ca2+离子浓度变化与离子半径和电荷量呈非线性关系。同时提出更全面的水合物法海水淡化中盐离子的排斥机制。较于反渗透传统方法,水合物法具有脱硼效果好的优势。