生物菌剂对石油污染土壤生物修复作用的研究

在实验室条件下,研究了生物菌剂的投加量、投加方式及环境温度对石油污染土壤的修复作用 结果表明,土壤中石油烃的降解效果与生物菌剂的投加量呈正相关,当生物菌剂投加量为0.6mg·kg^-1时,修复,48 d 后,石油烃的降解率为87%.GC-MS分析结果表明,石油污染原土中烷烃的含量最高为82.1%其次为烯烃,含量为16%,还含有少量的胡萝卜烷、烷基萘、甾烷和藿烷% 添加生物菌剂修复40 d 后,峰的数量由32个减少为14个,表明异构烷烃、烯烃、胡萝卜烷全部被降解,残留的物质为较难降解的正构烷烃、藿烷和甾烷,呈现前高后低的峰形,即接种细菌优先降解高碳组分,将长链的烷烃降解为短链的烷烃,随着生物菌剂投加量的增加,土壤中残留石油烃的含量逐渐降低% 一次加入生物菌剂修复,48 d后的峰高明显低于分2 次加入的相应值,故一次性全部加入生物菌剂是最佳的投加方式% 温度是限制石油污染土壤生物修复的重要环境因素,当温度为30℃第,48 d 的降解率可达80%,当温度为20℃,第,48 d的降解率可达60%,温度高有利于土壤中石油烃的降解,加快修复     

基于仿真的新建污水处理厂工艺参数调试

基于ASM2D模型建立了上海某新建污水厂倒置AAO流程的数学模型,并采用该厂进、出水设计数据对模型进行校正,其中,ASM2D各组分浓度分布参考文献值.同时,通过仿真计算研究了不同温度下进水流量、污泥回流比、混合液回流比及进水流量分配比对出水总化学需氧量（TCOD）、氨氮（SNH3）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）及总悬浮颗粒物（TSS）的影响.结果表明,研究获得的定性和定量两方面结果可供该厂在工艺参数调试中作参考.计算机仿真技术在新建污水厂工艺参数调试中的应用可以减少调试时间,降低调试费用,取得良好的经济效益与环境效益.     

Evaluation of SWAT Impoundment Modeling Methods in Water and Sediment Simulations

Worldwide studies show 80%–90% of all sediments eroded from watersheds is trapped within river networks such as reservoirs, ponds, and wetlands. To represent the impact of impoundments on sediment routing in watershed modeling, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) developers recommend to model reservoirs, ponds, and wetlands using impoundment tools (ITs). This study evaluates performance of SWAT ITs in the modeling of a small, agricultural watershed dominated by lakes and wetlands. The study demonstrates how to incorporate impoundments into the SWAT model, and discusses and evaluates involved parameters. The study then recommends an appropriate calibration sequence, i.e., landscape parameters calibration, followed by pond/wetlands calibration, then channel parameter calibrations, and lastly, reservoir parameter calibration. Results of this study demonstrate not following SWAT recommendation regarding modeling water land use as an impoundment depreciates SWAT performance, and may lead to misplaced calibration efforts and model over‐calibration. Further, the chosen method to model impoundments’ outflow significantly impacts sediment loads in the watershed, while streamflow simulation is not very sensitive. This study also allowed calculation of mass accumulation rates in modeled impoundments where the annual mass accumulation rate in wetlands (2.3 T/ha/yr) was 39% higher than mass accumulation rate in reservoirs (1.4 T/ha/yr).     

A review on different pipeline fault detection methods

Pipeline faults like leakage and blockage always create problem for engineers. Detection of exact fault quantity and its location is necessary for smooth functioning of a plant or industry and safety of the environment. In this paper brief discussion is made on various pipeline fault detection methods viz. Vibration analysis, Pulse echo methodology, Acoustic techniques, Negative pressure wave based leak detection system, Support Vector Machine (SVM) based pipeline leakage detection, Interferometric fibre sensor based leak detection, Filter Diagonalization Method (FDM), etc. In this paper merit and demerits of all methods are discussed. It is found that these methods have been applied for specific fluids like oil, gas and water, for different layout patterns like straight and zigzag, for various lengths of pipeline like short and long and also depending on various operating conditions. Therefore, a comparison among all methods has been done based on their applicability. Among all fault detection methods, Acoustic reflectometry is found most suitable because of its proficiency to identify blockages and leakage in pipe as small as 1% of its diameter. Moreover this method is economical and applicable for straight, zigzag and long, short length pipes for low, medium and high density fluid.     

A Water Allocation Decision‐Support Model and Tool for Predictions in Ungauged Basins in Northeast British Columbia,Canada

Pressures on water resources due to changing climate, increasing demands, and enhanced recognition of environmental flow needs result in the need for hydrology information to support informed water allocation decisions. However, the absence of hydrometric measurements and limited access to hydrology information in many areas impairs water allocation decision‐making. This paper describes a water balance‐based modeling approach and an innovative web‐based decision‐support hydrology tool developed to address this need. Using high‐resolution climate, vegetation, and watershed data, a simple gridded water balance model, adjusted to account for locational variability, was developed and calibrated against gauged watersheds, to model mean annual runoff. Mean monthly runoff was modeled empirically, using multivariate regression. The modeled annual runoff results are within 20% of the observed mean annual discharge for 78% of the calibration watersheds, with a mean absolute error of 16%. Modeled monthly runoff corresponds well to observed monthly runoff, with a median Nash–Sutcliffe statistic of 0.92 and a median Spearman rank correlation statistic of 0.98. Monthly and annual flow estimates produced from the model are incorporated into a map‐ and watershed‐based decision‐support system referred to as the Northeast Water Tool, to provide critical information to decision makers and others on natural water supply, existing allocations, and the needs of the environment.     

How local environmental stewardship diversifies democracy

Although recent studies have suggested that environmental participation may be a countertrend to decreasing civic engagement in the United States, there are very few empirical studies that examine these claims. This paper studies participation in local environmental stewardship as such a countertrend. Using data collected from participants in the Watershed Stewards Academies (WSAs) of Maryland, we assess how these organisations are successful in mobilising individuals to be environmentally and civically engaged in their communities. We argue that hybrid organisations like the WSAs represent a countertrend to diminishing rates of civic engagement by offering citizens what a “paper-membership” cannot: the chance to lead their own environmental restoration projects, create tangible change in their communities, and network with other like-minded individuals. These environmental programmes serve to diversify democracy at the local level, providing a unique form of civic engagement and enriching the connections between individual citizens and their civic communities.     

植物微体遗存分析在第四纪环境研究中的应用:综述与展望

以孢粉、植硅体等为代表的植物微体遗存由于其分布广泛,容易保存,可反映母体植物类型的优点,在第四纪环境研究中得到了广泛应用。本文介绍了植物微体遗存的概念、常见类型,以及它们的提取方法和原理,综述了利用植物微体遗存重建古环境的传统方法和近年来发展的几种古植被与古气候定量重建方法,最后简述了植物微体遗存在年代测定、稳定同位素分析研究上的应用进展与实例。文末指出了现有研究方法的问题与不足,并对今后的多代用指标的综合研究提出了展望。     

人工湿地在污水处理中的应用及展望

本文综述了人工湿地去除有机物、氮、磷和重金属的影响因素,同时对人工湿地处理污水的前景进行了展望．     

环境信访案件产生原因及对策探讨

以朝阳市为例,分析了环境信访投诉案件产生的主要原因,主要包括城市规划布局不尽合理、环保前置审批制度落实不到位、相关部门执法尚未形成合力等,并针对朝阳市环境信访与投诉案件的形式和特点,提出了将环保工作纳入城市规划全过程、控制源头审批、建立完善信访制度等建议。     

火焰原子吸收测定中的背景吸收和基体干扰

为了探讨火焰原子吸收法测定成分复杂样品时干扰的影响,采用扣除背景的方法来排除背景吸收,采用标准加入法来消除基体干扰的影响。通过对上述方法的对比实验,绘制相应的工作曲线图,能直观、准确地反映出背景吸收和基体干扰对样品测定的影响程度。扣背景和采用标准加入法两者结合使用能达到使样品测定结果准确可靠的目的。