建筑废弃物的回收原理与方法研究

由于社会和经济因素的要求,当今的建筑生命周期要最大程度地完成圆形的循环过程,即重新使用拆建物料制造新产品。循环经济的大背景下,承建商通过坚实的理论基础,采用分层次的方法来进行建筑废弃物的管理。文中总结了两种方法的优点和缺点,进行了混合回收与源头分离两种方法的比较研究。最值得注意的是两个不同的意向方案:绿色星球计划和ICC-ESSAVETM方案。突出的可持续认证和设计方案及绿色星球计划侧重的能源效率模型时常被繁重调试系统的LEED所青睐。一旦被国际编码理事会所批准,这些文件可以在LEED的评分系统下或绿色星球计划中,帮助其寻找资格评分。文章最后分析了建筑废弃物的回收流程,并得出结论:高达95%的建筑和拆迁建筑废弃物都可以回收;回收相比垃圾填埋更节省资金;源头分离较混合回收需要更多的管理和劳动力,但能获得更大的经济利益;承建商应该组织和管理现场的回收工作。     

仪器线路中噪声来源与控制方法

本文主要阐述了电子仪器线路的有源器件、无源器件的噪声和低噪声电路设计过程中元器件的选取原则,以及无噪声偏置放大器放大级方面的问题做了初步分析,并探讨出解决和控制噪声的方法。     

Rates of particulate pollution deposition onto leaf surfaces: Temporal and inter-species magnetic analyses

Evaluation of health impacts arising from inhalation of pollutant particles <10 μm (PM₁₀) is an active research area. However, lack of exposure data at high spatial resolution impedes identification of causal associations between exposure and illness. Biomagnetic monitoring of PM₁₀ deposited on tree leaves may provide a means of obtaining exposure data at high spatial resolution. To calculate ambient PM₁₀ concentrations from leaf magnetic values, the relationship between the magnetic signal and total PM₁₀ mass must be quantified, and the exposure time (via magnetic deposition velocity (MV_d) calculations) known. Birches display higher MV_d (∼5 cm⁻¹) than lime trees (∼2 cm⁻¹). Leaf saturation remanence values reached ‘equilibrium’ with ambient PM₁₀ concentrations after ∼6 ‘dry’ days (<3 mm/day rainfall). Other co-located species displayed within-species consistency in MV_d; robust inter-calibration can thus be achieved, enabling magnetic PM₁₀ biomonitoring at unprecedented spatial resolution.     

突发环境事件应急监测的质量控制

质量控制是保证突发环境事件应急监测质量的重要手段。影响突发环境事件应急监测质量的主要因素有人员技术水平、仪器设备、方法、量值溯源性、数据库与模型等。从人员、仪器设备维护与保养、方法比对、量值溯源、期间核查、数据库和模型的维护与升级等方面进行控制,对提高应急监测质量,发挥预警作用具有重要意义。     

Review on Quantitative Research Methods of Regional Sustainable Development in China

Since the 1990s, with the in-depth study and understanding of sustainable development, quantitative study of regional sustainable development (RSD) was increasingly hot in China. Based on quantitative study of RSD from Core Periodical in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1992–2008), statistical analysis on the annual distribution, periodicals distribution and changes of the distribution were made. And from perspectives of social–economic, ecological, systematic and emerging methods, the course, probl...     

Application of a DPSIR Modeling Framework to Assess Spatial–Temporal Differences of Water Poverty in China

Water shortage is a common problem around the world, especially in developing countries. Water shortage is closely linked to natural and social conditions, but the linkages between these natural and social conditions and their underlying temporal and spatial variation are less well explored. This paper details an application of the Driving‐Force‐Pressure‐State‐Impact‐Response (DPSIR) model, a holistic and sustainable tool for resources planning and management, and uses comprehensive weights to evaluate the water poverty (wp) in China from 1997 to 2014. This study applies the Kernel density estimation model to analyze the temporal variation trend and uses the least square error model to analyze the spatial pattern of wp. The results show the level of wp is gradually declining over time and the improvements in the coastal and inland wp situation are not spatially harmonious, and there are four primary types of wp in China based on drivers and causal mechanisms: D‐P‐I, D‐P‐I‐R, D‐P‐S‐I, and D‐P‐S‐I‐R. Furthermore, we analyze the main causes of spatial difference of wp and put forward corresponding countermeasures. The research findings are intended to provide a new insight for the evaluation of wp in the context of sustainable development, breaking past limitations that arise in simplified analyses using a single method, and to provide a strategy for regional water resources management to relieve wp.     

Predicting the variation in detection function in line transect sampling through random parameter model

A method for calibrating (localizing) detection function models in line transect sampling is proposed. The method is based on a random parameter model which supplies localized predictions of detection function parameters utilizing a few sample data points from the concerned location(s). The method has the clear advantage of being able to provide density estimates based on very few observations from a location which would be impossible through traditional methods. The method is successfully illustrated using census data on sambar (Cervus unicolor) from a set of wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala, India. The need for further research in this direction is indicated.     

环境监测中常用的质控方法及其应用

本文对环境监测实验室目前常用的质控方法进行了论述和比较,并根据实验室的工作经验,总结了常用的水和废水分析项目可能采用的质控方法。     

好氧/厌氧污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取方法研究

采用5种方法对同一污泥在好氧和厌氧条件下的胞外聚合物(EPS)进行了提取试验研究.结果表明,甲醛-NaOH和H2SO4法对EPS的提取产量最高,分别为232·0mg·g~(-1)和159·7mg·g~(-1),且无大量细胞自溶发生,是比较有效的提取方法;与对照方法相比较,阳离子交换树脂(CER)和戊二醛提取法却存在严重缺陷.两种氧环境条件下污泥EPS中蛋白质的含量均最高,占EPS总量的50%~80%;其次为胞外多糖和DNA.污泥在经由好氧环境到厌氧环境的转变过程中,EPS中主要成分蛋白质和DNA含量降低较为明显,其厌氧/好氧状态下的相应含量比值为0·59~0·91.试验中也发现,提取步骤和检测手段对结果的影响最大.     

单级活性污泥过程数学模型ASM2D参数的灵敏度分析

利用单级活性污泥模拟流程对ASM2D参数的灵敏度进行了研究,发现在67个化学计量系数及动力学常数中,有22个参数需在应用中进行校核．该项研究结果为ASM2D实际应用中减少需校核参数的个数提供了依据．