RAPID WATER TABLE RESPONSES TO RAINFALL IN A NORTHERN PEATLAND ECOSYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: Two types of rapid water table responses to rain were observed in a northern Michigan peatland. The first, called the Lisse effect, occurred during rains of high intensity when the infiltrating water acted as a tightly closing lid that forced the water table to rise to the level required to compensate for the pressure increase. The second, called the Wieringermeer effect, was a rapid rise of the water table to the surface due to the conversion of capillary to phreatic water and was always followed by an equally rapid decline after cessation of the rainfall. We simulated these phenomena in the laboratory and estimated the critical parameters that determine their occurrence. The recognition of the importance of the capillary fringe is essential in evaluating the role of wetlands in flood control and in wastewater treatment.     

Saturated and Unsaturated Water Flow in Inclined Porous Media

This paper considers the two-dimensional saturated and unsaturated flow of water through inclined porous media, namely a waste dump or hill slope. Since the partial differential equation governing this water flow transforms from being parabolic to elliptic as the water flow varies from unsaturated to saturated, an iterative, finite differencing scheme is used to develop a numerical solution. The model can be used to investigate the effects that hill slope angle, depth of soil cover and hilltop width have on water accumulation in the dump and the time required for saturation to occur at different areas in the dump domain. The accuracy and reliability of the computer based solution is tested for two different boundary conditions – (1) no flow on all boundaries (i.e., the internal redistribution of soil moisture to steady state) and (2) a constant rainfall flux on the dump surface. Numerical studies then show the effects of changing the hill slope angle, depth of layer, and dump geometry on the flow characteristics in the dump.     

阿克苏地区春季土壤水分垂直向运动

土壤中毛管水是传递压力的,毛管水运动的方向,受土壤上层温度变化和土面蒸发制约,与土壤中汽态水的运动方向（由热至冷）一致。下午和晚上因地面辐射而冷却,闭塞空气收缩,潜水向上通过毛细管吸入闭塞空气中,潜水位下降;上午和白天因地面日晒,土温升高,闭塞空气膨胀,排出较粗毛管水,成为重力水而下渗,抬升潜水位。春天大风,土温升高,晚上使潜水位升高,白天土面蒸发加大,又使潜水位下降。用潜水蒸渗仪,可测到大风天改变土壤水分运行的方向。     

毛细管离子分析方法测定湖水中主要无机阴离子含量

用毛细管离子分析方法分析阴离子（Br^-,Cl^-,SO4^2-,NO2^-,NO3^-,F^-,HPO4^2-,HCO3^-)的混合标准溶液,并测定了北京颐和园昆明湖表层水样中阴离子的含量,结果表明,用这种方法所做的标准曲线具有良好的线性相关关系,相关系数较好,比较不同季节表层湖水样品中阴离子的含量变化特征表明,在实验期间,表层湖水中阴离子含量在不同季节变化不明显。     

使用毛细管离子分析仪对水中有机、无机阴离子的同时测定

研究在使用毛细管离子分析仪测定水中有机阴离子和无机阴离子的过程中 ,电压、电解质溶液的种类、浓度和 p H值以及样品本身浓度对分离效果的影响 .在优化条件下 ,即二元电解质溶液中铬酸钠和邻苯二甲酸氢钾的浓度分别为 3mmol/L和7.5mmol/L,电渗流改性剂 OFM的加入量为每 1 0 0 ml电解质 2 ml.调节测定溶液的 p H为 7.4～ 7.6时 ,可使常见的几种无机阴离子和几种小分子有机酸阴离子同时出峰 ,并且能够获得较好的分离度 .     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定水中的毒死蜱含量

利用胶束电动毛细管色谱（MEKC）建立了测定水中毒死蜱含量的方法,研究了检测波长、运行缓冲液的种类、浓度以及pH、有机添加剂、脱氧胆酸钠（NaDCh）的浓度和分离电压等实验条件对毒死蜱测定的影响.实验结果表明,以25 mmol.L-1硼砂（pH 9.0,含20%（V/V）乙腈和50 mmol.L-1NaDCh）作为缓冲...     

气-水两相砂介质中饱和度-毛细压力关系与水位波动之间的响应

利用时域反射仪（TDR）与微型张力计（T5）联用装置,测定气-水两相砂介质中因水位波动产生的连续干燥与湿润循环过程中饱和度-毛细压力（S-p）关系曲线.同时,研究了多重水位波动对S-p关系曲线、孔隙流体运移的滞后性及空气剩余饱和度的作用.结果表明,TDR、T5和数据自动采集器联用装置可较准确测量出气-水两相条件下S-p关系的动态变化.同一介质中不同干燥过程的侵入压值比较接近,与干燥过程的初始水饱和度无关;而干燥或湿润过程的S-p关系曲线和滞后程度则与其初始水饱和度密切相关.在特定的干燥和湿润循环过程中,初始水饱和度大小对空气剩余饱和度的值影响不大,用于预测非湿润相流体剩余饱和度的Land的假设需要修正.本研究结果对进一步研究水位波动条件下地下有机污染物运移具有借鉴作用,可为修正NAPL Simulator 提供实验依据.     

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and its sludge dewaterability

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability and further to probe into the influencing factors on sludge dewaterability, sludge flocs were stratified into four fractions: (1) slime; (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS); (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS); and (4) EPS-free pellets. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment increased the anaerobic digestion efficiency by 7%–8%. Anaerobic digestion without ultrasonic pretreatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, with the capillary suction time (CST) increased from 1.42 to 47.3 (sec L)/g-TSS. The application of ultrasonic pretreatment firstly deteriorated the sludge dewaterability (normalized CST increased to 44.4 (sec L)/g-TSS), while subsequent anaerobic digestion offset this effect and ultimately decreased the normalized CST to 23.2 (sec L)/g-TSS. The dewaterability of unsonicated sludge correlated with protein (p = 0.003) and polysaccharide (p = 0.004) concentrations in the slime fraction, while that of sonicated sludge correlated with protein concentrations in the slime and LB-EPS fractions (p < 0.05). Fluorescent excitationemission matrix analysis showed that the fluorescence matters in the LB-EPS fraction significantly correlated with sludge dewaterability during anarobic digestion.     

气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中的二甲基甲酰胺

针对毛细管柱恒温分析时色谱峰裂分和定量重复性差的问题,对色谱分析条件进行了改进,建立了不分流进样程序升温的二甲基甲酰胺气相色谱测定方法提高了柱效和样品分析的准确度,降低了检出限(检出限为0.3μg/mL)。