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91.
利用热重-红外(TG-FTIR)联用技术研究了典型市政污水污泥在CO2和N2气氛下的热解特性。基于TG-FTIR分析结果,采用等温模式配合法研究了CO2气氛下污泥固定床热解过程中CO和CH4的生成特性,建立了CO和CH4的生成动力学机理模型,并同传统N2气氛下污泥热解情况进行了对比,理论模型利用实际实验数据进行了验证分析。结果表明,在实验温度范围内2种气氛下CO与CH4的生成情况有着比较明显的差异,CO2气氛下CH4释放浓度在峰值和总量上都要低于N2气氛,CH4释放峰值来得更早,释放时间更为集中,释放过程也结束得更快。相反,CO的释放浓度峰值,总量以及持续时间在CO2气氛下都要远远高于N2气氛,随着温度的升高,差距越来越大,CO2的存在大大促进了CO的生成。经实验验证,理论推导所得的模型公式对于热解产物生成有着良好的预测结果。  相似文献   
92.
采用不同的表面改性方法(去矿化处理、氧化改性、碱改性和还原改性)对污泥基活性炭(SCAC)进行处理,分别获得了表面金属含量低、碱位低、碱性官能团含量高及Lewis碱含量高的4种改性SCAC(SCAC-D、SCAC-S、SCAC-OH和SCAC-N),对比考察了改性前后SCAC催化臭氧氧化去除布洛芬(IBP)的效能,并探讨了SCAC催化臭氧氧化反应的主要活性位点。结果表明,5种SCAC催化活性顺序为:SCAC-N > SCAC-OH > SCAC > SCAC-S > SCAC-D;金属组分减少会直接影响SCAC的催化活性,碱位减少对其催化活性的影响相对较弱,说明SCAC表面较为丰富的金属组分是其催化臭氧氧化反应的主要活性位点;增加SCAC表面碱位(Lewis碱和碱性官能团),减少表面酸性官能团有助于提高其催化活性。  相似文献   
93.
为解决水体因低碳氮比而导致脱氮效率差的问题,将颗粒聚己内酯(PCL)重新塑形为阶梯环状,研究其作为反硝化过程的生物膜载体与固相碳源的反硝化性能。结果表明,在静态实验中,平均反硝化速率为8.57 mg NO3-N/(L·h);反硝化过程为零级反应。连续填充床实验中,超过90%的硝酸盐可被去除,出水NO2-N质量浓度低于0.20 mg/L;出水NH3-N质量浓度略有上升;出水溶解性有机碳(DOC)先上升后降低至1 mg/L左右。电子扫描显微镜扫描显示,PCL阶梯环反应表面空隙率较高,表面生物膜以杆菌为主,反应后被明显腐蚀;液相色谱检测显示PCL阶梯环分子量反应前后略有下降,其结构未受到破坏;表明该材料适合作为反硝化反应的碳源的同时,又可以作为载体供微生物附着生长。  相似文献   
94.
快腐剂对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中腐熟度的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
以牛粪、菌糠和鸡粪等为材料按照两种比例调配为混合基质,在添加或不添加快腐剂的条件下在发酵桶中进行为期38 d的堆肥发酵实验,通过对发酵产物的温度、pH值、总有机碳、C/N、硝铵态氮含量和种子发芽指数等指标变化的研究,揭示了快腐剂对发酵过程的影响。结果表明,虽然快腐剂对有机物料的温度、C/N比无显著的影响,但可以促进铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,在16 d时使发酵产物NH4+-N/NO3--N比值降为0.15,达到腐熟标准(0.16);提升种子发芽指数,在腐解29 d时使种子发芽指数达到82.76%,达到完全腐熟指标(0.8),比不添加快腐剂的处理提前了4 d左右。快腐剂的作用效果受腐解物料配比的影响。  相似文献   
95.
采用活性炭吸附和两级Fenton氧化组合工艺对高盐度对氨基苯酚生产废水进行了处理实验研究。结果表明,pH值对活性炭去除有机物的影响较小。当活性炭投加量为4 g/L时,TOC去除率61%。分级加药可以有效提高Fenton氧化对有机物的去除效率。在温度为25℃、pH为3、30% H2O2投加量为3%(V/V)、Fe2+/H2O2摩尔比为0.05时,两级Fenton氧化处理后,出水TOC降至150 mg/L以下。此外,Fenton氧化后形成氢氧化铁污泥颗粒粒径为4.5 μm,经过聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)絮凝之后,污泥的粒径明显增加,过滤特性改善。PAM絮凝效果依赖于溶液的pH值,当pH超过10后会失去作用,故在使用过程中需要严格控制溶液的pH值。  相似文献   
96.
Three men were killed and four others were injured during a well drill operation on Hobson Well C-10A in the Sea Cliff Oil Field (also known as Rincon Oil Field), in Ventura County, California, United States, on August 10, 1994, as a result of errors made by the work supervisors at the site. The oil field was under management by Vintage Petroleum, Ltd., which was sued for negligence by the families of the deceased and injured. The coroner's autopsy examination concluded that the cause of the deaths was due to the inhalation of the toxic gas carbon monoxide (CO). This gas was assumed to have been released from the firing of high-energy guns (HEGs) using carbon-rich explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) in an oxygen-depleted environment, during a fracking operation by Schlumberger Corporation on Well C-10A. The author of this article was appointed as an expert witness by Schlumberger to evaluate if the coroner's conclusion was correct. A series of chemical analytical analyses were conducted on the vapor phase of samples, in addition to dissolved components in water from Well C-10A and two adjacent wells. Stable isotope analyses were also conducted on hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), nitrogen (N2), CO, and water (H2O) 3 weeks after the accident, as well as on four additional occasions from September to December 1994. Control test analyses were performed on the products from HEG firings, using the same explosives as those used in the perforation of Well C-10A in control chambers at a Schlumberger facility in Houston, Texas. The conclusion reached was that the dominant products of PETN detonations are H2, CH4, CO, and N2. However, the isotope ratios (D/H and 13C/12C) of methane in the control experiments were different in Well C-10A, following the detonation on August 10, 1994, than those resulting from controlled PETN explosions. The conclusion reached in this study was that the fracking of the well at a depth of around 2,150 ft had increased the permeability of the sediment layers in the Padres Zone at that depth to allow the rapid release of a large quantity of natural gas, primarily CH4, which supersaturated the water in the well. This event caused the formation of a large bubble, which ballooned out of the well to the surface, displacing air in the location where the men were working, and thus causing asphyxiation, which resulted in the death of the three men. The judge accepted this interpretation.  相似文献   
97.
Large-scale forestry operations, like clear-cutting, may impair surface water quality if not done with environmental considerations in mind. Catchment and country level estimates of nutrient loads from forestry are generally based on specific export values, i.e., changes in annual exports due to the implemented forestry operations expressed in kg ha−1. We introduce here a specific concentration approach as a method to estimate the impact of clear-cutting on nutrient concentrations and export in headwater streams. This new method is potentially a more dynamic and flexible tool to estimate nutrient loads caused by forestry, because variation in annual runoff can be taken into account in load assessments. We combined water quality data from eight boreal headwater catchment pairs located in Finland and Sweden, where the effect of clear-cutting on stream water quality has been studied experimentally. Statistically significant specific concentration values could be produced for total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate. The significant increases in the concentrations of these nutrients occurred between 2 and 6 years after clear-cutting. Significant specific concentration values could not be produced for total phosphorus and total organic carbon with the whole dataset, although in some single studies significant increases in their concentrations after clear-cutting were observed. The presented method enables taking into account variation in runoff, temporal dynamics of effects, and the proportional size of the treated area in load calculations. The number of existing studies considering large site-specific variation in responses to clear-cutting is small, and therefore further empirical studies are needed to improve predictive capabilities of the specific concentration values.  相似文献   
98.
针对农田退水NO3--N占比高、C/N低,氮污染难以去除的问题,将经济易得的芦苇(Phragmites australis)茎叶碎段装填在表面流人工湿地(packed surface flow construct wetland,PSFW)的表层作为外加碳源,以研究其长期运行情况下的脱氮效能。结果表明:第29~149天,外加芦苇茎叶碎段的PSFW的脱氮效能明显高于无芦苇茎叶碎段的空白PSFW0;进水NO3--N和TN浓度分别为(16.4±1.0)和(17.7±2.0)mg/L,HRT按3、4和2 d运行时,HRT为4 d时脱氮效能最优,PSFW对NO3--N和TN去除率分别为(87.4±6.0)%和(74.1±6.0)%,PSFW0去除率仅为(14.4±4.0)%和(14.4±3.0)%;第150~269天,PSFW的脱氮效能稍高于PSFW0,在进水NO3--N和TN浓度分别为(10.4±1.0)和(10.8±1.0)mg/L,HRT按3、2和1 d运行时,HRT为3 d时脱氮效能最优,PSFW对NO3--N和TN的去除率分别为(91.9±7.0)%和(90.2±7.0)%,PSFW0去除率分别为(91.3±5.0)%和(86.4±6.0)%。第270~334天,PSFW的脱氮效能稍低于PSFW0;进水NO3--N和TN浓度分别为(5.7±0.4)和(7.2±0.8)mg/L,HRT为3 d时,PSFW对NO3--N和TN的去除率分别为(88.6±10.0)%和(82.5±7.0)%,PSFW0去除率分别为(94.0±6.0)%和(87.8±3.0)%。  相似文献   
99.
In this article we apply and test a methodology to estimate cumulative frequency distribution for air pollutant concentration from wind-speed data. We use the inverse relationship after Simpson et al. (Atmospheric Environment, 19, 75–82, 1985) between the opposing percentile values in the statistical distributions for air pollutant concentrations and wind-speed data. This relationship is valid, irrespective of the statistical distributions of both variables, if an inverse relationship between them is also applicable. The available data are five years of 8-h average carbon monoxide concentration and 8-h mean wind-speed, observed in Buenos Aires (Argentina). The performance of the obtained empirical expressions in estimating cumulative frequency distributions for 8-h CO is statistically evaluated. The results show that it is possible to obtain an acceptable cumulative frequency distribution for 8-h CO concentration at the site if the cumulative frequency distribution for wind-speed is known. Q–Q plots show a good agreement between estimated and observed values. From our data, the mean relative error of the estimations was found to be as much as 8.0%.  相似文献   
100.
用微孔填充理论研究活性炭对有机气体的吸附性能   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
用微孔填充理论研究了活性炭C40/4对丙酮、甲苯、二氯甲烷有机气体的吸附性能,测试了该活性炭对3种有机气体在不同温度下(288.15,293.15,298.15K)的吸附结果。用D—R方程处理了实验数据,建立了3种有机气体在活性炭C40/4上的等温吸附模型,并将实验测试值与理论预测值进行了比较。实验结果表明:微孔填充理论及D—R方程可很好地描述活性炭C40/4对有机气体的吸附性能,理论预测值与实验测试值的平均相对误差小于3%;有机气体分压较高时,由于发生毛细凝聚,理论预测值较实验测试值偏低。  相似文献   
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