洗毛废水的不同处理方法对活性炭吸附的影响

通过活性炭吸附2种不同处理方法处理后的洗毛废水,研究了活性炭的吸附容量和吸附机理。结果表明：活性炭吸附无机酸酸化处理后废水和高分子絮凝剂处理后废水中COD的吸附容量分别为：70mg／g和43mg／g。进一步研究发现,2种废水中废水中小分子组分和疏水性组分的含量差异是造成活性炭吸附效果差异的主要原因。     

多维电极体系处理模拟染料废水的实验研究

以自制多维电极体系对模拟染料废水CODcr及色度去除进行研究,同时考察反应器电压、电解时间、主电极极间距、电流密度等因素对去除效果的影响。试验结果表明,在最佳反应条件下,印染废水经电解后,脱色率达90％以上,CODcr去除率达81％以上,为难降解染料废水的处理提供了一种新方法。     

高锰酸钾-粉末活性炭工艺处理城市污水的实验研究

高锰酸钾-粉末活性炭工艺能有效去除微污染水源中的有机物、浊度、色度,该工艺具有操作简便、易控制、投资节省的特点。本文通过改变传统工艺中用聚合氯化铝做混凝剂的做法,选用硫酸铝做混凝剂,确定影响处理效果的因素,得出最佳实验条件。实验结果表明,（1）高锰酸钾-粉末活性炭工艺处理效果与试剂投加顺序有密切关系;（2）高锰酸钾-粉末活性炭处理工艺能显著改善水质,比单独使用粉末活性炭效果更好。     

印染废水治理方案分析

某针织印染厂年产3000吨针织高档服装布料,排放的生产废水中含有大量的有机物,COD、BOD5、色度浓度比较高。该厂选择了"厌氧水解酸化+接触氧化法+活性炭吸附"处理工艺。该工艺采用厌氧水解酸化处理工艺进行前期处理,去除大部分有机物,减轻了后续接触氧化处理工艺的压力,同时通过活性碳过滤进行脱色,达到较好的处理效果。运行结果表明,经该工艺处理后,废水中的COD、BOD5、色度等指标均能达标排放,有利于企业的可持续发展。     

浅谈再生资源产业发展

随着改革开放进一步扩大和经济建设的持续快速发展,我国再生资源回收利用事业得到了较快发展。但是,再生资源产业存在着市场混乱、法律政策不完善及综合利用水平低等问题。通过对我国再生资源现状分析对我国再生资源产业发展作了展望。     

河流生态用水综合评价

为完善河流生态用水综合评价,从水循环中河流生态用水角度出发,以河流水量收支平衡规律为理论基础,考虑河流本底水质,采用本底水质、排放水质和河流控制目标污染物浓度表达河流生态新污径比,并推导出污水排放允许极限值,深入探讨了河流生态用水的质与量综合评价,改进了二元循环下河流生态用水的水量水质计算方法和河流生态用水的综合评价新标准,进一步完善了河流生态用水质与量综合评价模型。用此模型对黄河2002～2005年为例进行实力分析,结果表明：①在污水一级达标排放和不调水情况下,黄河生态用水水量比例在335%～545%,在Tennant等级中为较好状态,但水质不满足要求,bo>Blim;②在污水深度处理达到95 mg/L（COD）,不调水情况下,黄河生态用水质与量满足生态环境需水要求,综合评价合格;③在污水一级达标排放和南水北调调水40亿m3情况下,黄河生态用水水量比例有较大提高,综合评价合格。这说明,黄河生态用水问题不仅是水量短缺,而且水质问题更加严重。     

A carbon footprint analysis in the textile supply chain

This research work focuses on the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to determine the carbon footprint of different players involved in a supply chain of the textile sector. A case study of a product by a textile leader company was carried out. This study demonstrates that, in the textile chain, the main contribution to the greenhouse effect is provided by the electrical and thermal energy used and by the transportation (since different production phases are delocalised in a wide range that goes from South Africa, Italy, Romania and all around the world, from the distribution centre to the stores). The Monte Carlo analysis has been used in order to obtain, for each calculated impact, not only the average value but also the distribution curve of the results characterised by uncertainty parameters. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the impact of management choices such as:

??a change in the transportation modality, from aeroplane to boat;

??a combination of road and rail transportation; and

??a selection among suppliers that allows the firm to cut environmental impacts.     

Multiobjective optimisation method for life-cycle design of mechanical products

Manufacturing that minimises the exhaustion of natural resources, energy used and deleterious environmental impact is increasingly demanded by societies that seek to protect global environments as much as possible. To achieve this, life-cycle design (LCD) is an essential component of product design scenarios; however, LCD approaches have not been well integrated in optimal design methods that support quantitative decision-making. This study presents a method that yields quantitative solutions through optimisation analysis of a basic product design incorporating life-cycle considerations. We consider two types of optimisation approaches that have different aims, namely, (1) to reduce the use of raw materials and energy consumption and (2) to facilitate the reuse of the product or its parts when it reaches the end of its useful life. We also focus on how the optimisation results differ according to the approach used, from the viewpoint of the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse and Recycling). Our method obtains optimum solutions by evaluating objectives fitted to each of these two optimisation approaches with respect to the product's life-cycle stages, which are manufacturing, use, maintenance, disposal, reuse and recycling. As an applied example, a simple linear robot model is presented, and Pareto optimum solutions are obtained for the multiobjective optimisation problem whose evaluated objectives are the operating accuracy of the robot and the different life-cycle costs for the two approaches. The characteristics of the evaluated objectives and design variables, as well as the effects of using material characteristics as design parameters, are also examined.     

Applying CES to assembly and comparing carbon footprints

A Carbon Emission Signature (CES) and a Carbon Emission Label have been proposed for manufactured products in previous CIRP (Collège International pour la Recherche en Productique) annals. This paper considers two things: (1) an example of a CES calculation for assembly with CO₂ emissions and (2) the need for a transparent method of calculation. In comparing carbon footprint calculations for 17 websites, the results are found to vary more than threefold depending upon the site used and even more between different methods illustrating the need for standardisation in emission calculations for carbon accounting.     

Decision support for sustainable manufacturing using decision guidance query language

Sustainability has become a very significant research topic as it impacts many different manufacturing industries. Therefore, the technologies for monitoring, analysing, evaluating and optimising the sustainability performance of manufacturing processes and systems are very critical for decision makers on the shop floor. This paper introduces a decision guidance management system that provides actionable recommendations through quantitative analysis of the sustainability measures of manufacturing processes and systems based on life cycle assessment. The system determines decision preferences through dynamically collected data and decision makers' responses, taking into account the prevailing constraints. Optimal decisions can be derived using mathematical and constraint programming. By using decision guidance query language, this methodology allows users to make optimal decisions without an extensive mathematical or operations research background. Knowledge of relational databases is sufficient for a user to formulate the optimisation problem and obtain optimal solutions. The methodology is demonstrated with a machining operation case study, in which a list of sustainability metrics are identified and sustainability modelling methods are proposed. Important sustainable machining performance measures are optimised, resulting in actionable recommendations.