A2/O+MBR工艺运行效果与碳排放特征研究

对北京市通州区H再生水厂采用的A²/O+MBR工艺运行效果与不同环节碳排放特征进行研究.结果表明：2018年该再生水厂对BOD₅,COD_cr,NH₄⁺-N,TN和TP的平均去除率分别为97.3%,94.1%,98.6%,77.0%,96.2%;全厂碳排放总量和吨水碳排放量呈春夏季节逐渐降低,秋冬季节缓慢升高的特征,全厂综合吨水碳排放量约为2.26kgCO₂e/t.碳排放总量中能耗碳排放量占主要地位,CH₄,N₂O和物耗碳排放量占比较小;统计分析显示CH₄,能耗和物耗吨水碳排放量与BOD₅,TN进水浓度及BOD₅去除率显著相关;N₂O吨水碳排放量与TN与BOD₅进水浓度显著相关;直接,间接吨水碳排放量与水量无显著相关性.     

兼氧条件下厨余垃圾发酵液作碳源的反硝化性能

在兼氧条件下,利用厨余垃圾厌氧发酵液调节反硝化系统的碳氮比（COD/TN,C/N）,并考察了其脱氮性能.结果表明,不同C/N条件下,反应系统均未出现有机物的积累,但高C/N条件下的亚硝酸盐最大积累浓度和积累速率高于低C/N;随着进水C/N的增大,反应整体脱氮率和反硝化速率不断增大,当C/N为13时,反硝化速率达到了最大值,为9.79mg/（gVSS·h）,其脱氮率超过95%;相同C/N条件下,反硝化速率和最大亚硝酸盐积累浓度均与进水硝酸盐浓度成正比.此外,实验结果表明,兼氧条件下的反硝化过程虽不易出现COD残留,但去除单位氮所需的有机物更多,且整体反硝化速率以及亚硝酸盐还原速率均低于厌氧条件.     

中国分省道路交通二氧化碳排放因子

基于本地化的综合移动源排放模型（Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator,MOVES）模型模拟典型机动车的CO₂排放因子,并建立排放因子与速度变化关系的评估方程,结合各省路网平均速度与区域电网排放因子核算中国31个省份分车型的CO₂排放因子.同时,综合考虑载客汽车的载客量和客座率,载货汽车的载重量和载货率,建立各省单位客运,货运周转量的机动车CO₂排放因子库.结果表明,各类机动车的平均CO₂排放因子分别为：柴油公交车0.880kgCO₂/km,重型货车0.877kgCO₂/km,电动公交车0.676kgCO₂/km,中型货车0.508kgCO₂/km,轻型货车0.374kgCO₂/km,柴油小客车0.227kgCO₂/km,微型货车0.216kgCO₂/km,汽油小客车0.203kgCO₂/km,电动小客车0.108kgCO₂/km,摩托车0.062kgCO₂/km.车辆满载时,柴油公交车和电动公交车的人均CO₂排放量比汽油小客车分别降低了63%和73%,电动小客车的人均CO₂排放量较汽油和柴油小客车分别下降了46%和51%.较高的机动车保有量,频繁的道路拥堵导致上海,北京和重庆等市的机动车CO₂排放因子相对较高.倡导公共交通,提高客座率,降低私家车使用频率,推广纯电动汽车并通过减少道路拥堵以提高车速是降低道路交通CO₂排放量的有效途径.     

成都地区气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子双变量模型

基于成都市2017年10～12月逐时的“干”气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数观测数据,结合该时段同时次的能见度（V）、相对湿度（RH）以及二氧化氮（NO₂）监测资料,利用“光学综合法”计算气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子,并探究了气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子单变量f（RH）模型的适用性及其改进方案.结果表明：幂函数、二次多项式、幂指函数形式的f（RH）模型在低RH条件下（RH<85%）均能很好地模拟气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子随RH的变化特征,但在高RH条件下（RH>85%）的模拟值会出现较大的偏差.黑碳质量浓度（C_BC）是影响气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子的另一关键变量,二者之间满足非线性关系.以RH和C_BC为自变量构建了气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子双变量f（RH,C_BC）模型,模型计算值和实测值之间的决定系数R²为0.763,平均相对误差MRE为14.28%.双变量模型f（RH,C_BC）的应用显著改善了气溶胶散射消光系数的模拟效果.     

国内外低碳物流研究评析

随着全球化的气候问题日益严重和“低碳革命”的兴起,低碳物流已成为现代物流业发展的必然趋势.结合国内外学者对低碳物流的研究文献,从物流过程的碳排放测量、物流环节的低碳控制、物流系统的低碳设计方面系统回顾了国内外学者在低碳物流领域的研究成果,梳理了低碳物流的发展历程,并对现有的研究成果进行了分析,以期为相关学者的后续研究提供思路.     

电捕法净化焙烧炉沥青烟气

针对炭素焙烧炉烟气特点,采用雾化水预处理和电捕焦油技术,对某炭素厂焙烧炉烟气进行治理,达到既高效净化有害气体,又降低资金投入。处理后的烟气指标为:沥青烟浓度13.8mg/m3,苯并(a)芘浓度0.053×10-3mg/m3,烟尘浓度19.1mg/m3,各项污染物均达标排放。     

基于LCA的钢铁联合企业CO_2排放影响因素分析

钢铁企业是CO2排放大户,减少吨钢CO2排放是钢铁企业节约能源、保护环境、走可持续发展道路的必然要求.本研究旨在对钢铁企业产品生命周期清单研究的基础上,识别钢铁企业CO2排放的主要影响因素,提出针对性的减排建议.以某钢铁联合企业的产品生命周期清单模型为平台,同时利用TornadoChart工具,计算得到对企业CO2排放影响较大的因素,然后提出了相应的减排措施.结果表明,转炉流程对于钢铁企业的影响要大于电炉流程;对该企业CO2排放有重大影响和相关影响的因素有:高炉煤气(BFG)的CO2排放系数、连铸坯的钢水单耗、热轧的板坯单耗、转炉的铁水比.减少钢铁联合企业CO2排放的有效措施是采取捕集BFG中的CO2、降低转炉的铁水比、加强副产煤气的回收以及优化企业的产品生产结构.     

拟南芥VTE1过量表达可以增加维生素E含量和提高烟草植株耐盐行

维生素E在动物细胞内具有抗氧化等重要作用，但在植物体内的功能却鲜为人知．本实验利用CaMV 35S启动子与来源于拟南芥的编码生育酚环化酶（TC）的cDNA（VTE1）构建的嵌合表达载体，以根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化烟草W38．实验结果表明，具有卡那霉素抗性的再生植株经RT-PCR检测，得到了与阳性对照一致的495bp的目标片段；转基因植株的VE含量比对照植株高2倍左右，个别株系高达11倍．实验还发现，在耐盐性实验中转基因植株对盐的抗性明显高于野生型烟草；同时，在不同盐浓度（150、250mmoL／L）胁迫下转基因植株VE含量比未转化植株增加了1．3～1．8倍，首次证明VTE1与植物耐盐性之间的关系．     

Thermal defluorination behaviors of PFOS,PFOA and PFBS during regeneration of activated carbon by molten salt

• New method of mineralizing PFCs was proposed. • Activated carbon was regenerated while mineralizing PFCs. • Molten NaOH has good mineralization effect on PFOS and PFBS. Current study proposes a green regeneration method of activated carbon (AC) laden with Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) from the perspective of environmental safety and resource regeneration. The defluorination efficiencies of AC adsorbed perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) using three molten sodium salts and one molten alkali were compared. Results showed that defluorination efficiencies of molten NaOH for the three PFCs were higher than the other three molten sodium salts at lower temperature. At 700°C, the defluorination efficiencies of PFOS and PFBS using molten NaOH reached to 84.2% and 79.2%, respectively, while the defluorination efficiency of PFOA was 35.3%. In addition, the temperature of molten salt, the holding time and the ratio of salt to carbon were directly proportional to the defluorination efficiency. The low defluorination efficiency of PFOA was due to the low thermal stability of PFOA, which made it difficult to be captured by molten salt.The weight loss range of PFOA was 75°C–125°C, which was much lower than PFOS and PFBS (400°C–500°C). From the perspective of gas production, fluorine-containing gases produced from molten NaOH-treated AC were significantly reduced, which means that environmental risks were significantly reduced. After molten NaOH treatment, the regenerated AC had higher adsorption capacity than that of pre-treated AC.     

Long-term variation of PM2.5 levels and composition at rural, urban, and roadside sites in Hong Kong: Increasing impact of regional air pollution

Long-term study of air pollution plays a decisive role in formulating and refining pollution control strategies. In this study, two 12-month measurements of PM_2.5 mass and speciation were conducted in 00/01 and 04/05 to determine long-term trend and spatial variations of PM_2.5 mass and chemical composition in Hong Kong. This study covered three sites with different land-use characteristics, namely roadside, urban, and rural environments. The highest annual average PM_2.5 concentration was observed at the roadside site (58.0±2.0 μg m⁻³ (average±2σ) in 00/01 and 53.0±2.7 μg m⁻³ in 04/05), followed by the urban site (33.9±2.5 μg m⁻³ in 00/01 and 39.0±2.0 μg m⁻³ in 04/05), and the rural site (23.7±1.9 μg m⁻³ in 00/01 and 28.4±2.4 μg m⁻³ in 04/05). The lowest PM_2.5 level measured at the rural site was still higher than the United States’ annual average National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 15 μg m⁻³. As expected, seasonal variations of PM_2.5 mass concentration at the three sites were similar: higher in autumn/winter and lower in summer. Comparing PM_2.5 data in 04/05 with those collected in 00/01, a reduction in PM_2.5 mass concentration at the roadside (8.7%) but an increase at the urban (15%) and rural (20%) sites were observed. The reduction of PM_2.5 at the roadside was attributed to the decrease of carbonaceous aerosols (organic carbon and elemental carbon) (>30%), indicating the effective control of motor vehicle emissions over the period. On the other hand, the sulfate concentration at the three sites was consistent regardless of different land-use characteristics in both studies. The lack of spatial variation of sulfate concentrations in PM_2.5 implied its origin of regional contribution. Moreover, over 36% growth in sulfate concentration was found from 00/01 to 04/05, suggesting a significant increase in regional sulfate pollution over the years. More quantitative techniques such as receptor models and chemical transport models are required to assess the temporal variations of source contributions to ambient PM_2.5 mass and chemical speciation in Hong Kong.