基于居民合理生活消费的人均碳排放计算

分析了我国居民消费直接与间接碳排放的变化及现状,并通过居民消费的微观角度,分析计算基于居民合理生活消费人均碳排放.试图通过居民消费的角度建立人均碳排放的核算方法,给出建议数据.根据国内当前主要消费环节的碳排放水平,对比国际先进水平和国内碳减排升级潜力,计算了满足居民正常小康生活水平条件下的人均碳排放,年人均排放约2203kg~2333kg碳.居民基本生活的碳排放主要集中在供暖制冷、住宅使用、污染治理和基础建设分摊等方面,而衣物与食品消耗、生活物质材料等方面的碳排放量所占比重相对较低.     

改进的产业碳关联系数及应用 ——以上海为例

投入产出分析中重要的影响力系数和感应度系数被引入到我国的产业环境关联研究中,但采用的计算方法却多是存在缺陷的传统公式,对指标的政策意义解读也有待深入.在梳理2项指标前沿发展的基础上,以部门最终产品构成系数为权数,改进了表征产业碳关联的碳影响力系数和碳影响诱导系数(代替原碳感应度系数)的计算公式,并指出前者主要对应产业政策,对部门划分水平较不敏感,而后者主要对应节能减排政策,对部门划分水平较敏感.将改进的指标应用于2010年上海市,结果表明,其产业政策应扶植服务业和先进制造业,鼓励重化工业和专用设备制造业转型,逐步淘汰多数传统中低端制造业,节能减排政策的重点实施部门则应扩大到部分高能耗服务业.     

Single walled carbon nanotubes induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HEK293 cells

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential toxicity and general mechanisms involved in single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-induced cytotoxicity using human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293) cells. Carbon nanotubes (coded as CNT) used in this study were synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition method. To elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying SWCNT-induced cytotoxicity, cell viability, cell membrane damage (lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) assay), reduced glutathione (GSH), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and lipid peroxidation products levels were quantitatively assessed following SWCNT exposure for 48 hr using HEK293 cells. Exposure of cells to SWCNT at 3–300 μg/ml produced significant reduction in cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ value of SWCNT was found to be 87.58 μg/ml. Exposure of HEK cells to SWCNT at 10–100 μg/ml resulted in concentration-dependent cell membrane damage, increased production of IL-8, elevated levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances like malondialdehyde and decreased intracellular GSH levels. In summary, exposure to SWCNT resulted in a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in cultured HEK293 cells that was associated with increased oxidative stress.     

Determination and QSPR analysis of log Kow and log Koc for fluorine containing benzene derivatives

Octanol‐water partition coefficients (Kow) and soil organic carbon sorption coefficients (Koc) were determined for 14 fluorinated benzene derivatives. Quantitative structure‐property relationships were developed using molecular connectivity indices and quantum chemical parameters to analyze the most significant factors influencing these physico‐chemical properties of the compounds. The substitution by F in benzene derivatives has greater influence on Koc than on Kow.     

Recovery of seven kinds of cfc and cfc replacements on high‐surface area activated carbon

The adsorption isotherms, the constants of the Dubinin—Radushkevich plots, and the constants of the Langmuir plots of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and CFC replacements on high‐surface area activated carbon were investigated to estimate the recovery efficiency of CFC and CFC replacements. The adsorption and desorption of HFC134a on a high‐surface area activated carbon was much easier than that of CFC 113 and the CFC replacements. The recovery efficiency of CFC replacements depends on the hydrogen atoms in molecule. It is possible that the saturated amount adsorbed in the pores or on the surface of the activated carbon could be evaluated by the W_s constant of the the Langmuir equation and the W_o constant of the Dubinin‐Radushkevich equation. The a constant of the Langmuir equation and the BE_o constant of the Dubinin‐Radushkevich equation depend on the molecular composition.     

污泥基活性炭去除水中重金属离子效能与动力学研究

以城市污泥为主要原料制备了污泥基活性炭(SAC),考察了其对重金属离子的吸附去除效能和吸附动力学规律.并选择了2种商品活性炭(煤质炭,MAC和椰壳炭,YAC)作为对比,以初始浓度为50mg/L的Cu(II),Pb(II),Cd(II),Cr(VI)4种重金属离子为去除对象,分别进行了3种活性炭的表面理化性质分析及其对4种重金属离子的吸附试验.结果表明,SAC的比表面积和微孔容积仅为YAC和MAC的1/3~1/2,吸附速率也相对较慢,但其对Cu(II),Pb(II),Cr(VI),Cd(II)的平衡吸附量却远大于2种商品活性炭,分别为9.9,8.9,8.2,5.4mg/g,说明SAC表面的高酸性基团含量对重金属离子的吸附起到了关键作用;Langmuir与Freundlich吸附等温模型均能较好地拟合SAC对Cu(II)和Pb(II)的吸附,SAC对Cr(VI)的吸附过程更符合Langmuir模型,而SAC对于Cd(II)的吸附过程用Langmuir与Freundlich两个模型均不能较好地拟合,说明SAC表面缺少能够与Cd(II)发生反应的结合位点.     

介质阻挡放电反应器中的二硫化碳降解特性

为了解CS₂(二硫化碳)在介质阻挡放电反应器中的降解特性,提高其去除率,设计并制作了同轴圆柱介质阻挡放电反应器,研究了介质层数、外施电压、中心电极材料及直径、背景气氛种类和RH(相对湿度)对CS₂去除率的影响. 结果表明:在外施电压(4.0～6.5kV)较低时,单介质反应器的CS₂去除率高于双介质反应器;而在外施电压(6.5～9.0kV)较高时,双介质反应器对CS₂的去除效果更好,增大外施电压有利于CS₂的降解. 铜丝比不锈钢丝更适合用作反应器的中心电极,此外,增加中心电极的直径也可提高CS₂去除率. 当中心电极直径从 3.2mm增至4.8mm时,CS₂平均去除率由63%增至75%,但平均质量能耗由510kJ/mg增至611kJ/mg. 同等条件下,CS₂在氧气中的平均去除率(74%)最大,空气(59%)中次之,氮气(48%)中最小;背景气氛中适量的RH(26%)有助于提高CS₂去除率,但RH太大(大于50%)反而会降低CS₂去除率.      

太原市工、商业区PM10中PAHs碳同位素组成及来源

利用中流量大气综合采样仪采集太原市工业区和商业区PM₁₀样品,使用GC/IRMS技术分析了PAHs的δ13C值(碳同位素组成),并根据碳同位素质量平衡计算了煤烟尘和机动车尾气对2类功能区的贡献率. 结果表明:工业区PM₁₀中PAHs的δ13C值在-26.0‰~-24.5‰之间,随环数增加呈贫13C趋势,与煤烟尘δ13C值的变化趋势一致,表明煤烟尘是工业区的一个主要污染源;商业区PAHs的δ13C值在-26.6‰~-26.2‰之间,较工业区显著贫13C,商业区与工业区的污染源有明显差异;除机动车尾气和煤烟尘外,工业区和商业区还有其他污染源输入,其中工业区有生物质燃烧排放输入,商业区有机动车曲轴箱润滑油残渣输入;煤烟尘和生物质燃烧对工业区的贡献率分别为59.3%~70.8%和29.2%~40.7%,表明工业区煤烟污染严重;机动车对商业区PAHs的贡献率在86.1%~95.8%之间,是商业区PM₁₀中PAHs的主要排放源,其中润滑油残渣的贡献率(在40.9%~85.3%之间)最大,机动车尾气的贡献率在8.3%~54.9%范围内,而煤烟尘的贡献率(在4.2%~13.9%之间)最小.      

基于密度泛函理论模拟单壁碳纳米管对五种核酸碱基的吸附

基于密度泛函理论,模拟了单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)对5种碱基的吸附作用.考察了SWNTs直径、电荷转移量、碱基最高占据分子轨道能(EHOMO)和最低未占据分子轨道能(ELUMO)与SWNTs吸附碱基的吸附能之间的关系.结果表明,随着SWNTs直径的增大,SWNTs吸附碱基的吸附能降低.SWNT(6,6)吸附5种碱基的最低吸附能Emin与由碱基转移到SWNTs的电荷转移量(Q)及碱基的EHOMO线性负相关,相关系数分别为-0.966和-0.804(P<0.05).吸附后SWNTs与碱基的前线轨道无重叠,且SWNTs电子结构未受影响,表明吸附行为属于物理吸附.     

Removal of Remazol Brilliant Violet-5R dye using periwinkle shells

The purpose of this research is to obtain optimal processing conditions for the adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Violet-5R (RBV-5R) dye onto activated carbon prepared from periwinkle shells (PSAC) by chemical activation with KOH using response surface methodology. Central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the effects of three preparation variables; CO₂ activation temperature, CO₂ activation time and KOH:char impregnation ratio (IR) on two responses; percentage RBV-5R dye removal and PSAC yield. Based on the CCD, two quadratic models were developed for percentage RBV-5R dye removal and PSAC yield, respectively. The most influential factor on each experimental design response was identified from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum conditions for the adsorption of RBV-5R dye onto PSAC were CO₂ activation temperature of 811 °C, CO₂ activation time of 1.70 h and IR of 3.0, resulting in 81.28% RBV-5R dye removal and 28.18% PSAC yield. PSAC prepared under optimum conditions was mesoporous with a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 1894 m²·g^?1, total pore volume of 1.107 cm³·g^?1 and average pore diameter of 2.32 nm. The surface morphology and functional groups of the activated carbon were respectively determined from the scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis.