过硫酸盐缓释材料释放性能的影响因素研究

运用不同配比制备多种过硫酸盐缓释材料,采用欧盟标准化组织制定的NEN 7375标准浸出方法测试其释放性能,利用相关性分析和克里格插值法探究材料组分配比对过硫酸盐缓释材料释放性能的影响规律.结果表明:作为制备过硫酸盐缓释材料基质材料的水、砂和水泥均有一定的适配范围,即水含量在5%~35%之间,砂含量在0~85%之间,水泥含量在5%~85%之间;缓释材料的扩散系数与砂含量呈现显著的正相关,与水泥含量呈现显著的负相关,而与水含量无显著相关性;基质材料对过硫酸盐缓释材料扩散系数的综合作用较为复杂,总体而言,当水泥含量高于砂含量时,水含量是影响缓释材料扩散系数的主要因素,当砂含量大于水泥含量时,砂含量则是影响缓释材料扩散系数的主要因素.此外,增加缓释材料中过硫酸盐的含量可以提高过硫酸盐的释放速率并延长缓释材料的使用寿命.     

污泥微膨胀状态下短程硝化的实现

为了实现低氧丝状菌活性污泥微膨胀和短程硝化的结合,本试验采用SBR反应器,研究了在微膨胀状态下,短程硝化的启动方法和短程硝化启动过程中污泥沉降性的维持策略.分析了水质、pH、DO和温度等环境因素以及混合液流态、曝气方法和进水方式等运行条件对污泥沉降性的影响.结果表明,在pH处于7.2~8.0,温度处于20~25℃时,通过维持低溶解氧和准确控制曝气时间可以逐步在污泥微膨胀状态下实现短程硝化.系统运行160个周期后,亚硝酸盐积累率可从28%逐步上升到80%.通过改变进水体积交换率和辅助调节曝气量的方法可以有效维持活性污泥的沉降性.在污泥微膨胀状态下,VER在0.25~0.33适时调节,可控制污泥容积指数在150 mL/g附近小幅波动.在好氧阶段后期,会出现溶解态总氮浓度的小幅上升.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰制陶瓷砖

分析了飞灰的性质,利用飞灰、黄陶土、缸砂及文石研制陶瓷砖,并进行正交配比试验。结果表明:飞灰主要矿物成分是硅酸盐及铝硅酸盐,可用作陶瓷砖的原材料;飞灰的掺加量对陶瓷砖表观质量起决定性影响,最佳配比方案为飞灰25%,黄陶土55%,缸砂10%,文石10%;最佳配比制品浸出毒性均达标。     

典型生物标志物诊断值t检验在溢油鉴别中的评价应用

从具体的一起溢油事件中取样,获得岸滩溢油A和来自两个油田的原油样B, C, D.将溢油样(A)和三个嫌疑源样品(B,C,D)借助色质联用仪进行检测,选用m/z57和m/z191两组特征离子群做标志物的诊断处理,比对三组置信区间的散点分布情况, A-B与A-C在98%的置信度水平有较宽的误差阈,A-D置信度水平为95%,误差阈较窄.检验出了嫌疑源原油样品D是鉴定评价的目标,和溢油样A匹配最佳.这与实验室间的同步检验的结果是一致的,通过对油样分析的例证,本文从试验的匹配结果阐明t检验在鉴定中的可靠性.t检验在与其他系统的分析结果校核时,体现出统计方法的独特功能.在标志物的项目空间扩大和溢油样本空间不断丰富的基础上,t检验更具有实用性,可以反映出更深层次的信息,从而有助于后期法证环节达到系统化.     

Small Populations and Offspring Sex-Ratio Deviations in Eagles

Abstract:  Stochastic variation of sex ratio has long been appreciated as a potential factor driving small populations to extinction, but it is not the only source of sex-ratio bias in small populations. We examined whether some consequences of sex allocation could affect extinction risk in small populations of size-dimorphic birds such as eagles. We report variations in sex ratio at fledging from a long-term study of a declining population of Spanish Imperial Eagles ( Aquila adalberti ). Nestling sex-ratio deviation apparently was mediated by age of breeders, whereas territory quality had no obvious effect. Adult–adult pairs produced the same proportion of both sexes in high- or low-density situations, but pairs with at least one member in nonadult plumage class produced more males. As the population declined over a period of years, the proportion of breeders with immature plumage increased; consequently, the proportion of fledgling males increased. However, when population density was high, the proportion of breeders with immature plumage decreased and more female offspring were produced. This relationship between population density, composition of breeder age, and fledgling sex ratios allowed us to make predictions of extinction risk due to nonstochastic deviations of sex ratio in small, declining populations. In the study population, on the basis of the Vortex simulation results, an estimated reduction of 42.5% in predicted mean time to extinction was attributed solely to biased sex ratio.     

不同回流比对无植物垂直流人工湿地除氮效果的影响

通过内碳源前置反硝化脱氮工艺试验,比较了不同回流比对垂直流人工湿地除氮效果的影响。试验结果表明,TN去除率随着回流比增加而增加,NH⁺₄-N去除率则随着回流比的增加先降低后增加的趋势,两者去除率之和以回流比200％为最高,以回流比150％次之,以回流比100％为最低。从TN的去除率来看,回流比150％略高于回流比200％。     

Uranium isotopes in groundwater from the continental intercalaire aquifer in Algerian Tunisian Sahara (Northern Africa)

The disequilibrium between ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U is commonly used as a tracer of groundwater flow. This paper aims to identify uranium contents and uranium isotopic disequilibria variation in groundwater sampled from deep Continental Intercalaire aquifer (southern Algeria and Tunisia). Large variations in both U contents (0.006–3.39 ppb) and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios (0.4–15.38) are observed. We conduct a first assessment in order to verify whether the results of our investigation support and complete previous hydrogeological and isotopic studies. The dissolved U content and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio data were plotted on a two-dimensional diagram that was successfully utilized on sharing the CI aquifer into different compartments submitted to different oxidising/reducing conditions and leads also to distinguished two preferential flow paths in the Nefzaoua/Chott Fejej discharge area. Uranium isotopes disequilibrium indicate that ranium chemistry is mainly controlled by water–rock interaction enhanced by long residence time recognised for this aquifer.     

Size distribution of black (BC) and total carbon (TC) in Vienna and Ljubljana

During two campaigns in winter 2004, size segregated impactor samples (0.1-10 microm) and filter samples were taken in two Central European cities (Vienna, Austria and Ljubljana, Slovenia). The impactor samples were analyzed for major inorganic ions and short-chain organic acids, total carbon (TC) and black carbon (BC). Maximum concentrations of total mass were 71.6 microg m(-3) in Vienna and 73.1 microg m(-3) in Ljubljana. Minimum concentrations in Vienna were only half those in Ljubljana. The BC content of the aerosol was similar (ca. 8%), but the BC/TC ratio was higher in Vienna than in Ljubljana (0.39 vs. 0.29), reflecting the different contribution of diesel traffic emissions. The mass median diameters of the submicron size distributions of all major fractions (total mass, TC, BC and SO(4)(2-)) were smaller in Vienna (0.43 microm, 0.41 microm, 0.38 microm and 0.48 microm, respectively) than in Ljubljana (0.55 microm, 0.44 microm, 0.42 microm and 0.60 microm, respectively). Impactor/filter ratios for total mass were 0.79 in Vienna and 0.82 in Ljubljana, while the ratios for BC were 0.56 in Vienna and 0.49 in Ljubljana. An estimation of the mixing state of accumulation mode BC indicated that 33% and 37% of BC, respectively, are mixed externally to the aerosol in the accumulation size range in Vienna and Ljubljana.     

生态足迹分析法在生态持续发展定量研究中的应用--以南京市1998年的生态足迹计算为例

利用生态足迹分析方法计算了南京市1998年的生态足迹和生态承载力.认为南京市生态足迹需求对本地生态系统持续发展不构成威胁,但对全国或全球可持续发展造成负面影响.     

The effects of temperature and resource availability on denitrification and relative N2O production in boreal lake sediments

Anthropogenic environmental stressors(like atmospheric deposition,land use change,and climate warming) are predicted to increase inorganic nitrogen and organic carbon loading to northern boreal lakes,with potential consequences for denitrification in lakes.However,our ability to predict effects of these changes is currently limited as northern boreal lakes have been largely neglected in denitrification studies.The aim of this study was therefore to assess how maximum potential denitrification and N_2O production rates,and the relationship between the two(relative N_2O production),is controlled by availability of nitrate(NO_3~-),carbon(C),phosphorus(P),and temperature.Experiments were performed using the acetylene inhibition technique on sediments from a small,nutrient poor boreal lake in northern Sweden in 2014.Maximum potential denitrification and N_2O production rates at 4°C were reached already at NO_3~-additions of 106–120 μg NO_3~-–N/L,and remained unchanged with higher NO_3 amendments.Higher incubation temperatures increased maximum potential denitrification and N_2O production rates,and Q10 was somewhat higher for N_2O production(1.77) than for denitrification(1.69).The relative N_2O production ranged between 13% and 64%,and was not related to NO_3~-concentration,but the ratio increased when incubations were amended with C and P(from a median of 16% to 27%).Combined,our results suggests that unproductive northern boreal lakes currently have low potential for denitrification but are susceptible to small changes in NO_3 loading especially if these are accompanied by enhanced C and P availability,likely promoting higher N_2O production relative to N_2.