滇东主要断裂带温泉CO_2成因浅析

通过对滇东主要断裂带上典型温泉的地质背景、环境条件、水化学及碳、氦稳定同位素分析,探讨这些温泉CO2释放的一般规律。分析表明滇东主要断裂带温泉具有特殊的碳来源,其CO2释放与沿小江断裂混杂第三纪煤层(褐煤)有关。     

UASB反应器快速启动的试验研究

在中温条件下投加颗粒活性炭可加快ＵＡＳＢ反应器颗粒化进程。通过对比试验,表明投加和不投加活性炭的反应吕处理石化石废水污泥颗粒化时间分别为３９ｄ和６２ｄ。投加活性炭反应器的颗粒污泥粒径也较大。最大ＣＯＤ去除率在８６％以上。并且投加活性炭反应器的有机负荷为不投加的２倍,运行效果更稳定。     

亚青会期间南京市气溶胶中OC和EC的粒径分布

采用Anderson 9级撞击式采样器和DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪对南京2013年8月10~28日亚青会期间不同粒径段气溶胶中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度进行了观测分析.结果表明,51.55%和54.81%的OC和EC富集于粒径<1.1μm的细粒子中,亚青会期间OC和EC的最大浓度分别位于0~0.43μm和0.43~0.65μm粒径段,占总浓度的比例分别为20.90%±5.02%和22.68%±9.90%.PM1.1、PM1.1~2.1和PM2.1~10中OC和EC的浓度在亚青会期间比亚青会前分别减少了43.44%~56.17%和59.17%~73.55%.亚青会期间OC的谱分布没有变化,均为双峰型分布;EC的谱分布由双峰型变为单峰型.观测期间不同粒径段的EC和OC具有较好的同源性.亚青会前OC和EC主要来自汽车尾气;亚青会期间PM1.1中OC和EC主要来自汽车尾气,PM1.1~2.1和PM2.1~10中OC和EC主要来自汽车尾气和燃煤.     

藻细胞破碎释放有机物的特性

对含藻水及藻细胞破碎条件下水样中有机物的分子质量分布、吸光度(UV)、总有机碳(TOC)进行了研究.结果表明,含藻水及其藻体细胞破碎后水样中有机物可划分为5个分子质量群,平均分子质量分别为8785.254,4476.826,3880.367,2968.352,1522.776u;藻体细胞破碎后向水体中释放带有双键基团的有机物,随破碎时间的延长,水样UV₂₆₀值增加;藻体细胞破碎后,主要溶出平均分子质量为8785.254u的大分子有机物,使水样TOC值随破碎时间的增加而增加.     

海南省建筑业碳排放核算分析及预测研究

海南国际旅游岛建设促进了建筑业的发展,为了解海南建筑业碳排放情况,采用投入产出分析法对1993—2013年的海南建筑业碳排放进行了核算和分析,并在此基础上对2015—2020年的海南建筑业碳排放进行了预测。结果表明:在保持现有建筑技术条件下,海南建筑业碳排放距2020年国家40%的减排指标还有很大差距,最后结合海南实际情况对建筑业降低碳排放提出建议。     

中国与印度典型城市道路街尘中多环芳烃与黑碳的对比研究

为探讨城市道路街尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)和黑碳(BC)的分布特征,2007年12月～2009年2月,分别在中国的北京、上海、广州和武汉以及印度的加尔各答采集了城市主干道的街尘.样品处理后分别用GC-MS和元素分析仪进行测定.结果表明,中国主要城市道路街尘中PAHs的含量范围为2.30～22.2μg.g-1,主要是以荧蒽、菲、芘、、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(ghi)苝为主要的多环芳烃化合物.印度加尔各答PAHs的含量范围为4.85～30.5μg.g-1,呈现出以2环的萘为主要的PAHs化合物.BC在中国主要城市道路街尘中的含量值高于印度的加尔各答,说明了2个国家可能的不同能源结构和能源消耗.相关分析表明,PAHs与BC在不同的城市显示出不同的特点,可能指示了不同的来源.特征比值法表明城市街尘中的PAHs主要来源于机动车排放,其次来源于燃煤.     

Microbial response to CaCO3 application in an acid soil in southern China

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) application is widely used to ameliorate soil acidification. To counteract soil and bacterial community response to CaCO₃ application in an acidic paddy soil in southern China, a field experiment was conducted with four different dosages of CaCO₃ addition, 0, 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha, respectively. After one seasonal growth of rice, soil physicochemical properties, soil respiration and bacterial communities were investigated. Results showed that soil pH increased accordingly with increasing dose of CaCO₃ addition, and 7.5?tons/ha addition increased soil pH to neutral condition. Moderate dose of CaCO₃ application (4.5?tons/ha) significantly increased soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content, enhanced soil respiration, while the excessive CaCO₃ application (7.5?tons/ha) decreased these soil properties. High-throughput sequencing results illustrated that moderate dose of CaCO₃ application increased the richness and alpha diversity of soil bacterial community. Compared with control, the relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae family belonging to Chloroflexi phylum increased by 38.7%, 35.4% and 24.5% under 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha treatments, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil pH was the most important factor shaping soil bacterial community. The results of this study suggest that proper dose of CaCO₃ additions to acid paddy soil in southern China could have positive effects on soil properties and bacterial community.     

活性炭对苯胺、对硝基苯胺共吸附性能的研究

文章采用静态吸附法研究活性炭对苯胺和对硝基苯胺混合溶液中各组分的共吸附过程。研究结果表明,在吸附开始阶段,活性炭对各组分的吸附速率均较大,随着吸附时间的延长,其吸附速率减慢。活性炭对两组分吸附的动力学行为均遵循Bangham速率方程,且由于苯胺的分子极性较小,活性炭对苯胺的吸附速率比对硝基苯胺对大。对于不同浓度比的混合溶液,吸附质浓度越大,活性炭对其吸附量越大。混合溶液中对硝基苯胺的浓度越大,活性炭的总吸附速率和吸附量越大。当pH值为4～5时活性炭对苯胺的吸附性能优,而pH值对活性炭对对硝基苯胺的吸附量影响较小。活性炭对两组分的吸附量和吸附速率都随着温度的升高而增加,说明吸附反应为吸热反应。活性炭对苯胺的吸附反应活化能为24.21kJ/mol,对对硝基苯胺的吸附反应活化能为54.98kJ/mol,温度升高更有利于活性炭对对硝基苯胺的吸附。     

渗透胁迫下两种生物质能源植物的抗渗透胁迫能力及稳定碳同位素组成

本研究以麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)和油桐(Vernicia fordii H.)幼苗为材料,考察了麻疯树和油桐幼苗的生理指标和稳定碳同位素组成对渗透胁迫的响应情况。结果表明,麻疯树比油桐更具有抗渗透胁迫能力,主要体现在:随着渗透胁迫程度的加剧,麻疯树叶片相对含水量与叶绿素含量的下降幅度均小于油桐,脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量的增加幅度高于油桐,相对电导率的上升幅度小于油桐;随着渗透胁迫程度的加剧,两种植物幼苗叶片的δ13 C值也都显著升高,但是在同一渗透胁迫水平下,麻疯树幼苗叶片的δ13 C值较油桐高,表明其拥有较高的水分利用效率,能够在干旱胁迫下更好地生长,暗示着植物叶片的δ13 C值在一定情况下可以表征植物的抗旱性。     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.