外源水对碳酸盐侵蚀速率研究——以桂林毛村地下河为例

本文对桂林毛村地下河流域,进行了野外监测与室内分析研究,详细研究了外源水与岩溶水对碳酸盐岩侵蚀速率差异。研究结果表明,碳酸盐岩在岩溶水与外源水中的侵蚀速率存在较大差异,雨季碳酸盐岩侵蚀速率:外源水外源水补给的岩溶水岩溶水空气;旱季碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率:外源水外源水补给的岩溶水空气岩溶水;外源水中的灰岩侵蚀速率白云岩侵蚀速率;碳酸盐岩试块的侵蚀速率具有明显的季节变化,主要受控于方解石饱和指数、pH值与水动力条件。     

巴里富碳酸盐硫化物尾矿中重金属的赋存状态

本文以广西大厂锡石-硫化物矿区巴里尾矿库的富碳酸盐尾矿(堆放了20余年)作为研究对象,采用BCR三步提取法研究Zn、Cd、Pb和As的化学形态分量以及其总含量在该尾矿铅垂剖面中的分布,并结合尾矿的结构构造、次生和原生矿物成分及其变化等分析,探讨在氧化/酸化条件下富碳酸盐尾矿中重金属的释放机制。研究结果表明:(1)尾矿下层原尾矿中重金属主要以稳定或较稳定的残渣态(As、Pb、Zn、Cd)、氧化物结合态(Pb)及硫化物结合态(Zn、Cd)形式赋存。在酸水淋滤作用下,原尾矿中重金属的释放顺序为Cd≈ZnPbAs;(2)尾矿上部厚层状氧化硬层(厚度1~1.5m)中,Zn、Cd以酸可溶态大量富集,具有较强的迁移性;As、Pb主要以残渣态以及氧化物结合态赋存,其迁移性较差。因此,富含碳酸盐的硫化物尾矿经过氧化作用具有释放多种重金属的潜能。由于这类尾矿中各重金属的赋存状态存在差异性,因此对其迁移性及环境效应须具体分析。     

Ca2+与CO32-协同作用对MAP结晶法去除污泥厌氧消化液中磷的影响

以模拟厌氧消化液为处理对象,进行了磷酸铵镁(MAP)结晶实验,考察了p H值、CO2-3、Ca2+以及CO2-3和Ca2+共存对磷酸铵镁结晶反应的影响;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDX)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对产物进行了表征.结果表明,随着p H值升高,磷的去除率显著提高,并在p H值为9.5时得到具有良好沉降性能的针状MAP晶体;CO2-3的存在会使磷去除率降低,在实验设定CO2-3浓度最大的条件下,磷去除率降低约17%,同时CO2-3会削弱Ca2+对MAP结晶反应的贡献,但并不改变MAP晶体形态和纯度;Ca2+存在则可以提高P去除率,但对MAP结晶反应抑制作用显著,当体系中n(Ca)/n(Mg)0.65,产物主要以无定形磷酸钙盐为主;在Ca2+与CO2-3共存的体系中,Ca2+可有效地消除CO2-3对除磷效果的影响,随着两者浓度的增加,产物Ca CO3含量增多,磷酸盐则主要以MAP形式沉淀.     

使用含铁基质的水平潜流人工湿地间隙水亚铁离子及理化环境的动态变化

使用富含铁基质的水平潜流人工湿地,运行过程中,由于内部氧化还原和p H条件的变化,可能会导致基质中铁溶出,致使间隙水中亚铁离子增加,进而影响污水去除效率.本研究以使用富含铁基质的香蒲人工湿地系统为研究对象,分析了其处理富含有机物污水时,内部间隙水的亚铁离子、氧化还原电位(ORP)和p H时空变化特点.研究结果表明,各位点间隙水都含有较高浓度亚铁离子,范围为8.23~462.86 mg·L-1,远远高于进水中亚铁含量,表明运行过程中,基质铁大量溶出;内部各位点ORP在-236~40 m V之间,变化范围较大,多数位点ORP均为负值,表明整个湿地内部大部分区域处于厌氧状态,是污水中较高浓度有机物降解导致;ORP在水深方向逐渐下降,污水沿程方向是逐渐升高的,夏季ORP整体较高,春秋季较低.亚铁离子变化特点与ORP相反,ORP高的情况下,亚铁离子浓度较低,表明亚铁离子浓度受ORP影响.湿地内部各位点处的p H空间变化范围不大,在6.44~7.97之间,仍维持在中性范围.结合p H和ORP的分布特征可以得知,间隙水中亚铁离子应是基质中铁氧化物特别是三价铁氧物,络合和还原解离共同的产物.     

Effect of Earthworm（Pheretima sp.） Density on Revegetation of Lead/zinc Metal Mine Tailings Amended with Soil

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of earthworm density on the availability of nutrients and heavy metals in metal contaminated soils. Pb/Zn mine tailings were mixed throughly with a red yellow podzolic soil at the ratio （w/w） of 75：25. Earthworms （Pheretima sp.） were introduced to the mixture at four different densities, zero, three, six and nine individuals per pot planted with ryegrass （Loliun multiflorum）. The results indicated that earthworm activity significantly enhanced ryegrass shoot biomass. However, as denser earthworm population was introduced, shoot biomass tended to decrease. Earthworm activity significantly increased soil pH and availability of N, P and K in the tailings and soil mixture. There was a general tendency that uptake of Zn by ryegrass increased after earthworm inoculation, although the increase in extractable Zn in tailings and soil mixture was not significant. On the contrary, there seemed to be a lower uptake of Pb by ryegrass under earthworm inoclation, despite the fact that higher extractable Pb concentrations were observed. The present project indicated that the improved growth of ryegrass was due to improved nutrient availability and other soil conditions, by inoculation of earthworms at an appropriate rate. Further studies are needed to illustrate the relationship between metal availability and earthworm activity in the field.     

基于可拓学的尾矿库安全评价

为综合评价尾矿库的安全状态,基于尾矿库灾变机理和大量工程实践构建了一套包括3级指标、22个因素的评价指标体系,并确定了评价指标的等级量值区间。采用EAHP和熵权法结合的方式确定指标权重,基于可拓理论评价尾矿库的安全等级。以湖南黄金集团责任有限公司旗下的7座尾矿库为案例,评价其安全状态,根据蒙特卡洛模拟基本理论,基于Crystal Ball对案例进行敏感性分析,找出具体敏感因素,为后期尾矿库安全管理提供简单有效的控制方法。     

论多自然型河流治理法对河流生态环境的影响

本文首先介绍了成都府河望江公园段多自然型护岸工程的由来,然后通过简述国外多自然型河川治理常用方法论述了对河流生态环境的改善作用,最后在对府河多自然型护岸设计介绍的基础上提出了试验工程的深远意义及其对今后工作的启迪     

GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT. Interest in the geochemistry of groundwater is increasing owing to the great number of current projects involving underground liquid waste storage, artificial recharge of potable water, accidental contamination of groundwater bodies, sanitary landfills, and pollution monitoring. Geochemical techniques used to facilitate the understanding of a groundwater system range from extremely simple to those requiring sophisticated theories, equipment, and procedures. An interpretation of the simple trilinear diagram for samples collected from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico provided evidence that the fresh-water body was only a few tens of meters thick and was underlain everywhere by an extensive body of salt water. A geochemical technique that has been used effectively to identify the source of salt water in coastal aquifers is measurement of the carbon-14 concentrations. Carbon-14 has been used in a regional carbonate aquifer to determine the velocity of groundwater movement, rates of chemical reactions, and distribution of hydraulic conductivity. The application of principles of irreversible thermodynamics to groundwater systems provides a basis for constructing models which permit prediction, over both time and space, of changes in head distribution and chemical character of the water resulting from imposed stresses on the system. In essence, proper application of irreversible thermodynamics combines the potential theory of Hubbert with principles of reversible chemical thermodynamics, such as solution of carbonate minerals, to describe and explain controlling chemical reactions and processes of groundwater systems.     

Mining pollution: The case of the Baguio mining district,the philippines

Environmental problems caused by improper mine tailings disposal in the Baguio district include pollution of the Lower Agno River system and its watershed and siltation of irrigation canals in the Pangasinan plains. Direct economic losses are from reduced agricultural production due to siltation of irrigation works and farmlands. To check the adverse ecological effects of improper mine tailings disposal, government regulations have been imposed on mining firms. Several disposal schemes have been proposed, including the use of the reservoir of a multipurpose project to be sited in the watershed where the mines are located. Because of siltation problems, however, trapping the tailings in the reservoir will diminish the economic benefits that can be derived from the project.     

Application of artificial neural networks for classification of uranium distribution in the Central Rand goldfield,South Africa

Mine tailings generate significant environmental impacts and contribute to water pollution. The Central Rand goldfield, South Africa is replete with gold mine tailings which have contributed significantly to water pollution as a result of acid mine drainage (AMD). Water quality is affected by mine tailings and spillages, especially from active slimes dams, currently reprocessed tailings, as well as footprints left behind after reprocessing. The release and distribution of uranium from these sites was studied. Correlation matrices show a strong link between different variables as a result of AMD produced. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify very influential variables which account for the pollution trends. Artificial neural networks (ANN) using the Kohonen algorithm were applied to visualise these trends and patterns in the distribution of uranium. High concentrations of this radionuclide were detected in streams in the vicinity of the tailings dumps, active slimes and reprocessing areas. The concentrations are reduced drastically in dams and wetlands as a result of precipitation and dilution effects.