羧基化碳纳米管载铂催化剂对微生物燃料电池阴极氧还原性能的影响

阴极催化剂是影响微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)性能的关键要素.为了考察不同羧基化方法改性的碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)负载Pt的催化氧还原效率,分别在80℃和95℃条件下对CNT进行了羧基化,采用浸渍-沉淀法制备了Pt/CNT催化剂(Pt/CNT-80和Pt/CNT-95),并在空气阴极MFC体系中验证了其催化氧还原效果(MFC-80、MFC-95和MFC-C).结果表明,MFC-95和MFC-80的最大功率密度分别为568.8 mW.m-2和412.8 mW.m-2,内阻分别为204.7Ω和207.7Ω,开路电压分别为0.719 V和0.651 V.而对照MFC-C的最大功率密度仅为5.4 mW.m-2,内阻为826.2Ω.XPS和XRD分析结果显示,Pt/CNT-95催化氧还原效果优于Pt/CNT-80,原因可能是95℃羧基化过程在CNT表面引入了丰富的含氧基团.     

鼠李糖脂对硅藻生长的影响及其选择性抑藻作用

以尖刺拟菱形藻[Pseudo-nitzschiapungens(PS0201-01)]、双突角毛藻(ChaetocerosDidymus)、柔弱角毛藻(Chaertocerosdebilis)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceroscurvisetus)和新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclosterium)5种硅藻为研究对象,探讨了铜绿假单胞菌产鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂对海洋硅藻生长的影响.结果表明,当鼠李糖脂的浓度从0.5mg/L至10.0mg/L逐渐递增时,对5种硅藻的生长表现出了不同程度的抑制作用.通过各海洋硅藻脂肪酸组成的差异分析了鼠李糖脂对不同硅藻生长抑制作用具有差异的原因.结果表明,这种差异性与各海洋硅藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成不同相关,海洋硅藻的各种多不饱和脂肪酸的含量越低,相对应的96h-EC50值越低,鼠李糖脂对其生长抑制作用越强,反之亦然.进一步探讨了鼠李糖脂抑藻效果与分属不同门类的多种海洋微藻的脂肪酸组成的关系,确证了鼠李糖脂的选择性抑藻作用与不同海洋微藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成不同相关.     

电化学产电菌的分离及性能评价

利用兼性滚管法分离了折流板空气阴极微生物燃料电池(BAFMFC)A、B两格室的阳极生物膜,共获得19株纯菌.将菌株投加至无菌立方型反应器中,检验其产电特性.利用交流阻抗法测量各纯菌电池的内阻,结果显示38个电池的欧姆内阻为25Ω±5Ω,说明了各电池的产电差异来源于菌株本身的活性.其他运行条件均保持不变,在1000Ω外阻下,7株纯菌电池的输出电压在200mV以上.其中,A格室产电活性最高的菌株(A2)产生的最大电压为328mV,输出的最大功率密度为165.1mW/m2,B格室产电活性最高的菌株(B1)最大电压为241mV,最大功率密度为214.4mW/m2.原子力显微镜和脂肪酸快速鉴定表明,A2为肠杆菌科的杆菌,B1为厚壁菌门的芽孢杆菌.     

Allelopathic effects of gallic acid from Aegiceras corniculatum on Cyclotella caspia

High abundance of algae and eutrophication were observed in mangrove wetlands and these were estimated to be associated with root exudates of some specific mangrove plants to a certain extent.Root exudates form allelopathic effects from mangroves.The main secondary metabolites of Aegiceras corniculatum had been detected to be organic phenolic acids.Gallic acid had been isolated and identified from A.corniculatum.The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of gallic acid on alge Cyclotella caspia was tested as 15.46mg/L.The effects on algal cell morphology were mainly shown as elongated cells,with no apparent cell inclusions,such as oil droplets,chloroplast.At a dose of 2mg/L,gallic acid had a stimulative effect on the specific growth rate of algae on day 3.The contents of malondialdehyde,superoxide dismutase,soluble carbohydrates and chlorophyll a in algal cells showed an overall "low promotion and high suppression".Our results could provide preliminary and valuable reference on the complex influences of mangroves on microecology and microbial communities in the rhizosphere system.     

DHA高产菌Schizochytrium sp.FJU-512的分离及其18S rRNA基因序列比较分析

采用松花粉垂钓法分离到一株Docosahexaenoicacid(DHA)高产菌FJU 512.该菌株DHA含量高(占总脂肪酸的56. 24 % ),其它长链杂酸含量少(仅有docosapentaenoicacid, DPA),极具开发应用价值.高密度培养可获得33gL-1生物量.该菌株行二分裂生长,没有分生胞子.对其18SrRNA基因进行了克隆测序并登录GenBank(AY758384).依据18SrRNA基因建立的系统进化树表明:该菌与Schizochytriumlimacinum具有紧密的亲源关系. 图7表2参29     

微生物对饮用水典型消毒副产物前体物的降解效能及其群落特征

相对于CF（氯仿）等C-DBPs（含碳消毒副产物）,DCAN（二氯乙腈）等N-DBPs（含氮消毒副产物）具有更高的毒性.控制DBPs（消毒副产物）的前体物是抑制DBPs产生的最有效方法之一.为考察微生物降解DBPs前体物对生成DBPs的影响,分别选取C-DBPs和N-DBPs的典型代表物CF和DCAN及其相应的典型前体物Tyr（酪氨酸）和Asp（天冬氨酸）为研究对象,采用微生物培养前体物的方式,探究微生物对典型前体物Tyr和Asp的降解效果及其对生成CF和DCAN的控制效果.结果表明:①Tyr和Asp两种前体物经微生物降解后,DOC（溶解性有机碳）的去除率分别为94.0%和85.6%,DON（溶解性有机氮）的去除率分别为69.0%和81.0%.②在前体物经微生物降解后的水样中,氯化或氯胺化消毒后生成CF和DCAN的量较降解前均大大减少.以Tyr为前体物,水样经微生物降解、氯化消毒后生成CF和DCAN的量分别降低了56.1%和89.5%,氯胺化消毒后生成CF的量降低了68.5%;以Asp为前体物,水样经微生物降解、氯化消毒后生成DCAN的量最高可降低99.9%,经微生物降解、氯胺化消毒后生成的CF可降低50.7%.③对水样中微生物菌群分析发现,在门水平上的菌群主要有变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,在属水平上的菌属主要有伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia-paraburkholderia）、半角藻属（Haliangium）、分枝杆菌属（Mycobacterium）、沉积小杆菌属（Sediminibacterium）、norank_f_Chitinophagaceae和动胶菌属（Zoogloea）.研究显示,微生物降解对DBPs典型前体物Tyr和Asp的去除,以及对生成CF和DCAN的控制具有较大的潜力,变形菌和放线菌在降解DBPs前体物中起到了重要作用.      

生物降解与吸附作用协同去除卤乙酸生成势

评价了生物强化活性炭(BAC)的生物降解与吸附作用协同对消毒副产物前体物质(DBPFP)的控制效果.控制 BAC 的空床接触时间(EBCT)为 20min 时,BAC 对卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)的去除率达到 59%,而相同条件下,普通颗粒炭(GAC)对其去除率只有 27%.BAC 工艺中微生物数量和微生物活性均明显高于 GAC 工艺.通过微生物降解作用和活性炭吸附作用的协同,BAC 对 HAAFP 的去除率与 EBCT 具有明显的线性相关性(R²=0.9069).BAC 出水中指标 UV254与 HAAFP 也表现出一定的线性相关性(R²=0.7702).     

Passive dosing: an approach to control mutagen exposure in the Ames fluctuation test

By using dialysis equilibrium experiments, the sorption of a branched nonylphenol isomer [4-(1-ethyl-1,3-dimethylpentyl)-phenol] (NP111) on various humic acids (HAs) isolated from river sediments and two reference HAs was studied. The HAs were characterized by solid-state ¹³C direct polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C DP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy. Sorption isotherms of NP111 on HAs were described by a linear model. The organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficient (K_OC) ranged from 2.3 × 10³ to 1.5 × 10⁴ L kg⁻¹. Interestingly, a clear correlation between K_OC value and alkyl C content was observed, indicating that the aliphaticity of HAs markedly dominates the sorption of NP111. These new mechanistic insights about the NP111 sorption indicate that the fate of nonylphenols in soil or sediment depends not only on the content of HA, but also on its structural composition.     

Characterization of fulvic acids during olive mill waste composting (Elemental, Thermal and fluorescence analyses)

Elemental analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were applied to the study of fulvic acids isolated from different stages during olive mill waste composting. The fulvic extracted acids are characterized by a high nitrogen content and O/C ratio values that may result from the high degree of humification and the synthesis of more condensed humic complexes. This was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy in the synchronous-scan mode by the decrease of shoulder intensities at intermediate wavelengths indicating the increase of polycondensation and conjugation of unsaturated structures and the greater uniformity of fluorophores. Fluorescence spectra in the emission, excitation and synchronous modes became simpler with compost maturation. This was confirmed by DSC results which proved the high degree of polycondensation of aromatic nuclei of fulvic acid molecules during olive mill waste composting.     

A theoretical study of hydrogen-bonded molecular clusters of sulfuric acid and organic acids with amides

Amides, a series of significant atmospheric nitrogen-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can participate in new particle formation (NPF) throught interacting with sulfuric acid (SA) and organic acids. In this study, we investigated the molecular interactions of formamide (FA), acetamide (AA), N-methylformamide (MF), propanamide (PA), N-methylacetamide (MA), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with SA, acetic acid (HAC), propanoic acid (PAC), oxalic acid (OA), and malonic acid (MOA). Global minimum of clusters were obtained through the association of the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The conformational analysis, thermochemical analysis, frequency analysis, and topological analysis were conducted to determine the interactions of hydrogen-bonded molecular clusters. The heterodimers formed a hepta or octa membered ring through four different types of hydrogen bonds, and the strength of the bonds are ranked in the following order: SOH???O > COH???O > NH???O > CH???O. We also evaluated the stability of the clusters and found that the stabilization effect of amides with SA is weaker than that of amines with SA but stronger than that of ammonia (NH₃) with SA in the dimer formation of nucleation process. Additionally, the nucleation capacity of SA with amides is greater than that of organic acids with amides.