水体中卤乙酸(HAAs)的产生、测定方法与控制途径

对饮用水中普遍存在的消毒副产物形式HAAs的产生、测定方法以及控制途径进行了阐述.并对影响HAAs生成的主要因素投氯量、溴的影响以及卤乙酸副产物(HAAFP)含量等进行了分析.生物活性炭技术是一种非常有效的控制HAAs含量和减少HAAFP含量的方法,对于保障饮用水安全性具有重要意义.     

吡虫啉与脱氧核糖核酸相互作用机理及其影响因素

在荧光分光光度计上进行共振光散射测定,研究了水相介质中吡虫啉与脱氧核糖核酸间的相互作用机理,实验表明,在pH1．5—1．7的范围内,加入DNA导致吡虫啉共振光散射增强,在345nm处,存在一最强的共振光散射增强峰．这主要是由于DNA诱导吡虫啉聚集所致,本文考察了聚集的影响因素,并确定了最佳聚集条件。     

Novel synthetic approach to the potent germination stimulant strigol and its analogues

Abstract

Strigol (1) is a natural product that triggers suicidal germination of parasitic Striga species. Here we present an improved annulation sequence for the synthesis of the tricyclic moieties of strigol and its analogues. Our approach makes use of the one‐pot cyclization of 5‐nitro‐2‐pentanone and cyclopent‐2‐enone diesters to afford 7‐methyl‐4‐nitro‐l‐oxo‐hydrindene derivatives. Functional group elaboration of these intermediates leads to a series of hydrindene‐2‐acetic and propionic acids.     

重庆雪玉洞地下河溶解态脂肪酸来源解析及变化特征

为研究岩溶地下河中溶解性有机质来源及变化特征,2014年11月1日和11月8日分别对重庆丰都雪玉洞地下河入口(Site 1)及出口(Site 2)进行取样,利用气相色谱气质联用仪(GS-MS)对样品中溶解态脂肪酸的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,Site1和Site2溶解态脂肪酸平均浓度分别为1698和4419 ng·L~(-1),地下河出口处溶解态脂肪酸浓度明显高于地下河入口处;各采样点中溶解态脂肪酸组成以低碳数饱和直链脂肪酸(C≤20:0)为主要组成部分,其次为单不饱和脂肪酸;结合主成分分析(PCA)表明,雪玉洞地下河水中DOM主要来源于土壤中细菌、真菌等微生物,其次为洞外地表河流中DOM向雪玉洞地下河水中的输入.另外,洞内游客的旅游活动对地下河水中DOM的来源影响明显.     

Population dynamics of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) (Coccina,Pseudococcidae) related to physiological defence reactions of attacked beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)

Summary Changes in the density of beech scale infestation (Cryptococcus fagisuga) of a mature beech stand (Fagus sylvatica) were investigated after gap-cutting in limed and unlimed areas bordering on the gaps and in untreated areas over a 5-year period. Parallelly the concentrations of sucrose, protein amino acids, and procyanidins were examined in the inner and outer bark of non-infested beech trees and beeches infested by beech scale.Irrespective of liming in the areas bordering on the gaps the proportion of beech trees with increasing beech scale infestation was significantly higher, the proportion of beeches with diminishing infestation was significantly lower than in the untreated control areas. Trees with the same infestation tendency occurred in clusters.Physiological defence reactions in the inner and outer bark of the infested beech trees were registrated as an increase in the procyanidin content and a decrease in the protein amino acid content. A change in the outer bark—inner bark—ratio of the infested beech trees showed a transfer of compounds between the inner and outer bark. During the period of observation long-lasting shifts occurred in the pattern of compounds of the bark irrespective of actual infestation intensity.     

铸铁还原氯乙酸的影响因素与机制研究

氯乙酸是地表水与饮用水中一种常见的微量氯代有机污染,具有致癌性,浓度较高时对人体健康会产生一定的危害.为了更经济地去除水体中的氯乙酸,研究了铸铁废料去除氯乙酸的可行性,讨论了铁类型、预处理方法,振荡方式以及溶解氧等条件对还原效果的影响.结果表明传质过程比铁类型与酸处理对氯乙酸还原速率的影响更大.铸铁无氧去除三氯乙酸(TCAA)的主要产物为二氯乙酸(DCAA)而有氧存在时为一氯乙酸(MCAA).在纵向翻转下铸铁对氯乙酸的去除过程符合伪一级动力学,TCAA、DCAA与MCAA的无氧速率常数分别为0.46 h-1、0.03 h-1与0,有氧速率常数依次为1.24 h-1、0.79 h-1与0.28 h-1.不同氧含量环境中铸铁对氯乙酸的去除机制不同,无氧时为连续氢解,有氧时可能包括连续氢解与直接转化过程.     

Effects of pH on photochemical decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid in different atmospheres by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet

Perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA）, a persistent organic pollutant, receives increasing concerns due to its worldwide occurrence and resistance to most conventional treatment processes. The photochemical decomposition by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） is one of the efficient methods for PFOA decomposition. The effects of pH on PFOA decomposition in nitrogen atmosphere or oxygen atmosphere were investigated. At its original pH （4.5） of PFOA aqueous solution, PFOA decomposed efficiently both in nitrogen and in oxygen atmosphere. However, when the pH increased to 12.0, PFOA decomposition was greatly inhibited in oxygen atmosphere, while it was greatly accelerated in nitrogen atmosphere with a very short half-life time （9 rain）. Furthermore, fluorine atoms originally contained in PFOA molecules were almost completely transformed into fluoride ions. Two decomposi- tion pathways have been proposed to explain the PFOA decomposition under different conditions. In acidic and neutral solutions, PFOA predominantly decomposes via the direct photolysis in both atmospheres; while in the alkaline solution and in the absence of oxygen, the decomposition of PFOA is mainly induced by hydrated electrons.     

中国七大流域全氟烷基酸污染水平与饮水暴露风险

为探究中国七大流域全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acids,PFAAs)的污染现状与居民饮水暴露风险,基于美国国家环保署推荐的风险评估方法,应用场景风险评估模式,分析了各流域PFAAs的污染水平及特征,并对中国成人、青少年、儿童的PFAAs日均饮水暴露量(average daily dose,ADD)及其健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,中等暴露水平下,中国七大流域ΣPFAAs中位浓度为14 ng·L-1,全氟辛酸(perfluorooctane acid,PFOA)、全氟丁酸和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS)为主要污染物,松辽、太湖流域ΣPFAAs高于整体水平.高等暴露水平下,碳链≤6的全氟羧酸类化合物占ΣPFAAs的比例高于中等暴露水平.黄河、长江部分河段污染水平高.风险评估结果显示,饮水暴露PFOA、PFOS对中国各年龄段居民尚无健康风险,且青少年日均饮水摄入量偏少.     

外源环烷酸在土壤中的降解过程及对微生物群落结构的影响

环烷酸类物质(naphthenic acids,NAs)是石油中的一种天然成分,所占质量分数约为2%,是除多环芳烃外最具生态毒性的石油污染物.随着能源需求的增长,大量NAs通过石油工业的各个过程进入土壤环境中,对人类健康和生态系统造成了巨大的潜在威胁.然而,目前对外源NAs在土壤中的降解过程及其对微生物群落结构的影响等研究较少.本研究以自然洁净土壤为样本,通过添加180 mg·kg~(-1)高浓度NAs,并借助液相色谱、高通量测序等技术探究了土壤中NAs的降解过程及微生物群落动态变化.研究发现,自然洁净土壤对高浓度NAs降解能力较强,5 d内降解量达到50%,15 d后稳定在80%左右,但NAs含量低于42 mg·kg~(-1)后难以被生物利用;NAs污染明显改变了土壤细菌群落结构,土样中特有OTU数目增加,主要分布在未鉴定门、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);高含量NAs污染胁迫下,拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)及变形菌门中的γ变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)物种丰度在短期内迅速升高,显示了较强耐受性,是潜在的NAs降解菌,而放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度则大幅下降,降幅高达24.8%;研究结果揭示了外源NAs在土壤中的降解过程及对微生物群落结构的影响,为石油污染土壤的生态修复提供了科学支持.