饮用水预氯化工艺潜在的健康风险及改进工艺的研究进展

本文分析了预氯化技术对饮用水安全性的影响,以及提高饮用水的安全性和改进常规预处理工艺的研究进展.预氯化因会增加消毒副产物的生成,其作用不断受到质疑.预臭氧氧化、预高锰酸钾氧化和预氯胺氧化工艺等都在不同程度上对消毒副产物生成起到抑制作用,逐步被用于强化常规工艺.     

1甲-基环己烯气相臭氧氧化生成二次有机气溶胶产物的研究

采用烟雾箱实验模拟了大气中1-甲基环己烯臭氧氧化生成二次有机气溶胶的化学过程.采用衍生化方法和气质联用仪对反应中生成的低挥发性有机酸产物进行了定性定量研究.通过研究.OH自由基清除剂和相对湿度对产物产率的影响,检验了文献中提出的假设反应机理,并提出了各产物的详细形成机理.     

Possible Use of Rna:Dna Ratio for Detecting Oil Induced Disturbance: A Field Report

The effects of oil contamination on the metabolic state of suspended participate and sedimented organic matter were investigated through the analysis of the RNA:DNA ratio on samples collected from January 1991 to January 1992 in the Ligurian Sea (northwestern Mediterranean). the ratio of RNA to DNA appeared to be highly sensitive to hydrocarbon stress since the oil disturbance resulted in an evident decline in the RNA:DNA ratio relative to the pre-pollution conditions. Such a pattern was unusual since it occurred in a period when we would expect a seasonal increase in bacterial activity. Differences are seen when comparing the temporal trend of DNA in suspended particulates and in sediments. However, the effects of oil on the RNA:DNA ratio were similar. Oiled samples showed a RNA:DNA ratio lower than 1 whereas RNA concentrations exceeded DNA content in undisturbed samples. Bacterial DNA accounted for a significant fraction (average 26%) of total DNA in sediments. It is likely that changes in RNA:DNA ratio in oiled sediments are due to the disturbance of bacterial communities. Consistent with the meiofaunal response to oil contamination, the hydrocarbons had only temporary and limited effects and RNA:DNA values recovered to pre-pollution conditions after a few weeks. the possible use of the RNA:DNA ratio in pollution monitoring is discussed.     

Mechanism of oxidation and catalysis of organic matter abiotic humification in the presence of MnO2

Humification plays a critical role in the environmental fate of organic wastes, and MnO_2 holds great promise for enhancing this reaction. However, the effects of MnO_2 on the enhancement of the humification reaction remain ambiguous. To better reveal the mechanism by which MnO_2 enhances the reaction and investigate the fate of the humification products, abiotic humification experiments were performed using increasing concentrations of dissolved organic matter(DOM) to a fixed amount of MnO_2. DOM was represented by model humic precursors consisting of catechol, glucose and glycine. The results indicate that the reduction of MnO_2 played a dominant role in the formation of fulvic-like acids(FLAs), and the subsequent reduction products, MnOOH and Mn(II), acted as catalysts in the formation of humic-like acids(HLAs). Moreover, CO_2 release occurred during the formation of FLAs, and a strong linear correlation between CO_2 release and the formation of FLAs was observed(p 0.01), where 0.73–1.87 mg of CO_2 was released per mg dissolved organic carbon(DOC)FLAs. Furthermore, the concentration of MnO_2 had a pronounced influence on the product behavior, where a lower MnO_2 concentration decreased the quantity of FLAs produced.     

Woody species Rhus chinensis Mill. seedlings tolerance to Pb: Physiological and biochemical response

Screening potential plant species is a crucial consideration in phytoremediation technology. Our previous study demonstrated that Rhus chinensis Mill. seedlings had potentials for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil. However, its bioaccumulation and tolerance characteristics remain unclear. Seedling growth, LMWOAs secreted by roots, Pb subcellular distribution and chemical forms, and mineral elements in R. chinensis tissues were evaluated under different Pb concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400?mg/L) in culture solution at 14?days after planting. R. chinensis did not show visual symptoms of Pb toxicity under lower Pb treatments; however, Pb significantly declined the growth of seedlings under higher Pb treatments. Higher Pb stress also decreased the concentrations of nitrogen in leaves, but increased the concentrations of P and K in roots. Pb stress also decreased Mn concentrations in leaves. A great quantity of Pb was uptake and mostly retained in R. chinensis roots. Nonetheless, R. chinensis can still concentrate 459.3 and 1102.7?mg/kg Pb in leaves and stems, respectively. Most of Pb in R. chinensis tissues was stored in the cell wall with HAc-, HCl-, and NaCl-extractable form. LMWOAs secreted by R. chinensis roots showed a strong positive correlation with Pb concentrations in all plant tissues and with P in roots. Our results suggested that Pb deposited in the cell wall and integration with phosphate or oxalate might be responsible for the tolerance of R. chinensis under Pb stress in short period.     

8:2氟调聚羧酸在虾夷扇贝体内的蓄积、分布与转化

以虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）为受试生物,研究了8：2氟调聚羧酸（8：2FTCA）在虾夷扇贝不同组织（肝脏、鳃、性腺、外套膜、闭壳肌）中的蓄积、分布和生物转化特征.结果显示,8：2FTCA蓄积浓度最高的组织为肝脏,达峰值最快的组织为鳃.在8：2FTCA代谢过程中,检测到8：2氟调聚不饱和酸（8：2FTUCA）、7：3氟调聚羧酸（7：3FTCA）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）和全氟庚酸（PFHpA）5种代谢产物,其中7：3FTCA和PFOA为含量最丰富的2种代谢产物.它们主要分布在鳃和肝脏组织中,鳃和肝脏是8：2FTCA进行生物转化的主要器官,并且鳃组织中代谢产物的浓度最高.推测出虾夷扇贝体内8：2FTCA的生物转化路径,与虹鳟的生物转化行为相比,虾夷扇贝在代谢产物产量和半衰期上均有差异,说明水生生物的生物转化行为具有物种差异性.8：2FTCA在虾夷扇贝体内可转化为PFOA、PFNA和PFHpA等全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs）,是虾夷扇贝体内PFCAs的一个间接来源.     

基于细菌学研究改性生物炭对抗生素的降解机制

分别选取3个裂解温度下制备的改性生物炭——MBC350,MBC500和MBC700,2种抗生素——磺胺甲噁唑（SMX）和氯霉素（CAP）,考察MBCs对SMX和CAP生物降解的影响及生物降解过程中Pseudomonas stutzeri和Shewanella putrefaciens的细菌学特征.结果表明,在低浓度MBCs培养的细菌体系中,SMX和CAP的去除主要依靠细菌P.stutzeri和S.putrefaciens的生物降解;而在高浓度MBCs培养的细菌体系中,SMX和CAP的去除主要依靠MBCs的吸附.其主要是由于随着MBCs浓度的增加,对SMX和CAP的吸附量提高,同时促进细菌的繁殖,导致溶液中较少的SMX和CAP被细菌生物降解.MBCs提高了P.stutzeri细胞膜中饱和脂肪酸含量,抑制了S.putrefaciens中饱和脂肪酸的合成.特别是P.stutzeri中脂肪酸C10：0和C15：1,cis-10消失;而S.putrefaciens中逆式脂肪酸C14：1,cis-9和C15：1,cis-10生成.此外,应用基因绝对定量技术发现MBCs显著提高了细菌P.stutzeri的基因表达拷贝数,抑制了S.putrefaciens的基因表达拷贝数.但细菌P.stutzeri和S.putrefaciens的基因表达拷贝数均随着MBCs浓度的增加而增加.因此,本研究表明低浓度MBCs有利于SMX和CAP的生物降解,而高浓度MBCs促进细菌的生长量,脂肪酸和基因表达拷贝数.     

沉湖钻孔沉积物中微生物脂肪酸特征与意义

利用微生物脂肪酸甲酯分析技术研究了江汉平原沉湖湖心滩G1与湖岸G2两沉积柱中微生物群落结构的垂直分布特征及其环境指示意义.结果表明：微生物脂肪酸含量与特征脂肪酸分布特征在浅层（<5m）波动较大,且与深层（5~20m）差异明显;好氧细菌、一般厌氧细菌与革兰氏阳性菌占主要优势,其相对丰度高出深层约一倍.G1位点偏还原环境,其硫酸盐还原菌及其他厌氧细菌的相对丰度与环境胁迫压力（Trans/Cis）均高于G2;与溶氧相关的环境因子,如粒径、深度等是影响其微生物群落组成的关键因子.G2位点水动力条件较强,脂肪酸总量与好氧微生物的相对优势均高于G1,而深层沉积物中总氮、N/P偏低,微生物群落组成主要受碳氮营养源,特别是氮含量的影响.为评估人类活动带来的氮磷污染对湖泊深层微生物的影响提供新的认识.     

南黄海浒苔绿潮暴发区氨基酸时空分布特征

根据南黄海绿潮发展过程将浒苔绿潮区分为35°N以南和35°N以北2个区域,并利用2018年南黄海海域春、夏季2个航次的调查数据研究分析了浒苔绿潮发生前后2个区域总溶解氨基酸（TDAA）、溶解游离氨基酸（DFAA）的分布特征及变化规律.结果表明,TDAA和DFAA的浓度均基本呈现近岸高远岸底的水平分布特点,35°N以南海域夏季相对于春季水体TDAA、DFAA的浓度整体呈现上升趋势,其中TDAA浓度升高程度明显,表、中层TDAA浓度分别升高了24.8%、60.6%,而35°N以北海域水体中TDAA的浓度却降低了8.7%,其中表层水体TDAA含量下降了30.1%.在DIN浓度较低的35°N以北海域,浒苔的吸收利用可能是造成该区域表层水体TDAA含量降低的重要原因.由此可见,35°N以北海域水体氨基酸等小分子有机氮对浒苔绿潮后期的维持发展起着重要的支持作用.