鼎湖山降水有机酸的变化特征及影响因素分析

针对2009年3月至2010年2月于鼎湖山采集的大气湿沉降进行分析,旨在了解鼎湖山森林生态系统有机酸湿沉降变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明,研究期间鼎湖山甲酸、乙酸和乙二酸的当量平均浓度分别为4.12μeq.L-1、3.39μeq.L-1、2.51μeq.L-1,分别占已测定有机酸的41.1%、33.9%和25.0%;有...     

厌氧预酸化-间歇曝气生物膜系统的生物除磷性能

采用间歇曝气生物滤池与前置厌氧生物滤池组成的生物除磷系统处理生活污水.试验考察了水力负荷以及污染物(有机物、磷酸盐)负荷率对系统运行性能的影响.结果表明,该系统可以有效去除污水中的有机物和磷酸盐.系统水力停留时间HRT为23.3～4.6 h, COD出水平均浓度68 mg/L,平均去除率73.6%;TP出水平均浓度0.59 mg/L,平均去除率85.2%.系统具有良好的适应水力负荷及污染物负荷率变化的能力,运行性能稳定.间歇曝气池采用不同于传统反冲洗的方法去除生物膜中富集的磷,使生物膜反应器在长期连续运行条件下保持良好的吸磷能力,从而延长其运行周期,减少其反冲洗频率.前置厌氧滤池对生活污水的预酸化处理,可以有效提高污水中挥发性脂肪酸的浓度.     

Characterization of the fate of lipids in activated sludge

Experiments were carried out to characterize the transformation of lipids in activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Results showed that the overall lipid content in the effluent could not be reduced to values below 300 mg/L from an initial content of 2, 000 mg/L. However, the contents of individual fatty acids underwent drastic decreases and increases during all microbial growth phases. These changes in contents of individual fatty acids showed that fatty acids were used as substrates by microorganisms as well as released into the wastewater as by-products. We have therefore suggested a novel model of transformation of lipids in activated sludge, showing that utilization of microbial activity for complete removal of lipids from wastewater is limited.     

Integration of solid phase extraction with HILIC-MS/MS for analysis of free amino acids in source water

Amino acids (AAs) are prevalent in source water, particularly during spring run-off. Monitoring of amino acids in source water is desirable for water treatment plants (WTP) to indicate changes in source water quality. The objective of this study was to establish analytical procedures for reliable monitoring of amino acids in source water. Therefore, we examined two different methods, large volume inject (LVI) and solid phase extraction (SPE), for sample preparation prior to HILIC-MS/MS. The LVI-HILIC-MS/MS method can provide fast and sensitive detection for clean samples, but suffers from matrix effects, resulting in irreproducible separation and shortening column lifetime. We have demonstrated that SPE was necessary prior to HILIC-MS/MS to achieve reproducible and reliable quantification of AAs in source water. A natural heterocyclic amine 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCCA) was also included in the method to indicate changes in other natural nitrogenous compounds in source water. The SPE-HILIC-MS/MS method was able to achieve limits of detection from 2.6-3400 ng/L for the amino acids and MTCCA with RSDs (n=3) of 1.1%-4.8%. As well, retention times (RT) of the analytes were reproducible with variation less than 0.01 min (n=3) through the entire project. We further applied the SPE-HILIC-MS/MS method to determine AAs in authentic source water samples collected from two drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) during the 2021 spring run-off season. The results support that the SPE-HILIC-MS/MS method does not require derivatization and can provide reliable, accurate, and robust analysis of AAs and MTCCA in source water, supporting future monitoring of source water quality.     

栉孔扇贝对8:2FTCA的代谢转化与氧化应激响应

以栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）为受试生物,研究了栉孔扇贝对8：2氟调聚羧酸（8：2FTCA）的代谢转化特征以及代谢过程中靶器官的氧化应激响应.结果发现,栉孔扇贝可将8：2FTCA转化为8：2氟调聚不饱和酸（8：2FTUCA）、7：3氟调聚羧酸（7：3FTCA）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）和全氟庚酸（PFHpA）等代谢产物.栉孔扇贝鳃和肝脏中代谢产物总量最高,为8：2FTCA的主要代谢靶器官.与本课题组前期虾夷扇贝的相关研究相比,8：2FTCA在栉孔扇贝与虾夷扇贝体内的生物转化行为主要有3方面相似之处：检测到的代谢产物相同、代谢靶器官相同以及鳃是最终代谢产物PFOA生成和蓄积的主要场所;不同之处主要体现在栉孔扇贝中代谢产物以7：3FTCA占比较高,虾夷扇贝中则是PFOA占比较高.同时在8：2FTCA暴露过程中,栉孔扇贝靶器官的关键抗氧化酶出现了一定的应激效应.丙二醛（MDA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）等氧化应激指标以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）等抗氧化酶系出现不同程度变化：GSH-Px在整个代谢转化过程中呈现抑制效应;SOD,CAT活性在鳃中呈诱导效应,而在肝脏中呈现明显的剂量-效应关系,低剂量组中均呈抑制效应,高剂量组中大部分时间呈诱导效应.GSH和MDA含量不仅表现出剂量-效应关系,组织间也存在差异.暴露实验结束后,生理指标均有不同程度恢复.     

磁性LDH/PU材料提取SCFAs作为碳源的性能

以蛋壳为原料采用超声辅助法将超顺磁性铁氧体材料与制备的水滑石（LDH）进行复合改性合成磁性LDH,采用一步发泡法将磁性LDH与聚氨酯（PU）进行复合制备得磁性LDH/PU复合材料,研究以其作为支架从污泥发酵液中吸附提取短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）,并将其作为外部碳源用于生物脱氮过程.XRD、SEM和TEM分析显示,所制备的磁性LDH具备典型水滑石层片状结构,所制备的磁性LDH/PU复合材料不仅具备PU泡沫疏松多孔比表面积大的特点,同时将LDH吸附材料均匀分散在整个体系中.结果表明：磁性LDH/PU复合材料对污泥发酵液中SCFAs的提取效率最大达到79.3%,经提取后的磁性LDH/PU-SCFAs作为碳源较葡萄糖作为碳源在反硝化作用中碳源利用率提升了6.7%,并且该碳源具备明显缓释效果,表明磁性LDH/PU-SCFAs可以作为生物脱氮过程中的一种新型高效外加缓释碳源.     

高效液相色谱法测定雨水中溶解态氨基酸的含量

本研究采用邻苯二甲醛/9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯-高效液相色谱-荧光检测器(OPA/FMOC-HPLC-FLD)联用技术,测定雨水中主要游离态氨基酸(DFAA)和结合态氨基酸(DCAA)的含量。雨水中的DFAA经阳离子交换树脂柱富集纯化后,可直接上机测定;类似地,经浓缩、酸解、再浓缩后,直接上机测定雨水中的DCAA。不同氨基酸的保留时间和峰面积的平均相对标准偏差分别为0.053%(0.014%～0.254%)和1.219%(0.223%～3.846%)。除赖氨酸外,其余氨基酸的检出限和定量限都较低,分别为0.90μmol/L(0.19～1.42μmol/L)和2.95μmol/L(0.39～4.74μmol/L)。样品加标回收率为59.87%～125.72%,均值为89.58%,空白回收率为57.47%～118.74%,均值为90.60%,保证了样品测定的准确性。利用本方法测得贵阳地区雨水中结合态氨基酸的浓度为27.25～493.87 nmol/L(均值为182.44 nmol/L),其中含量最多的是蛋氨酸,占总DCAA的24.61%;游离氨基酸的浓度为3.94～126.45 nmol/L(均值24.59 nmol/L),其中丝氨酸含量最高,占总DFAA的30.25%。本研究确立了最优的雨水溶解态氨基酸的提取和测定条件,并保证了雨水氨基酸在低浓度范围内定量的准确可靠性。     

Disinfection byproduct precursor removal by enhanced coagulation and their distribution in chemical fractions

Raw water from the Songhua River was treated by four types of coagulants, ferric chloride(FeCl3), aluminum sulfate(Al2(SO4)3),polyaluminum chloride(PACl) and composite polyaluminum(HPAC), in order to remove dissolved organic matter(DOM). Considering the disinfection byproduct(DBP) precursor treatability, DOM was divided into five chemical fractions based on resin adsorption.Trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) and haloacetic acid formation potential(HAAFP) were measured for each fraction. The results showed that hydrophobic acids(HoA), hydrophilic matter(HiM) and hydrophobic neutral(HoN) were the dominant fractions.Although both HoN and HoA were the main THM precursors, the contribution for THMFP changed after coagulation. Additionally,HoA and HiM were the main HAA precursors, while the contribution of HoN to HAAFP significantly increased after coagulation.HoM was more easily removed than HiM, no matter which coagulant was used, especially under enhanced coagulation conditions.DOC removal was highest for enhanced coagulation using FeCl3 while DBPFP was lowest using PACl. This could indicate that not all DOC fractions contained the precursors of DBPs. Reduction of THMFP and HAAFP by PACl under enhanced coagulation could reach51% and 59% respectively.     

苏柳172和垂柳对Pb的吸收动力学特性及有机酸的影响

采用溶液培养的方法研究了苏柳172（Salix jiangsuensis CL‘J172’）和垂柳（Salix babylonica Linn）的Pb吸收动力学、Pb在根区的分布以及低分子量有机酸对Pb吸收的影响.结果表明,在溶液Pb浓度为0.25—100μmo.lL-1时,两种柳树对Pb的吸收动力学都呈非饱和曲线,积...     

Effects of oxidizing environment on digestate humification and identification of substances governing the dissolved organic matter (DOM) transformation process

• Liquid digestate humification was investigated under different oxidizing environment. • Tryptophan-like substances dominated the transformation of the liquid digestate DOM. • The humification sequence of the liquid digestate DOM was identified. • UV₃₂₅ was first identified as a pre-humus intermediate during humification reaction. The formation of humic-like acids (HLAs) is an essential process for converting liquid digestate into organic soil amendments to enhance agricultural sustainability. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of oxygen and/or MnO₂ on the production of HLAs. Herein, abiotic humification performance of the digestate dissolved organic matter (DOM) is investigated with fluxes of air and N₂ in the absence and presence of MnO₂. Our results demonstrated that the fate of digestate DOM greatly depends on the oxidizing environment, the MnO₂ enhanced nitrogen involved in the formation of HLAs. The synergistic effects of MnO₂ and oxygen effectively improved the production of HLAs, and the corresponding component evolution was analyzed using spectroscopic evidence. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy results demonstrated that the reaction sequence of digestate DOM followed the order of protein-like substances, substances with an absorbance at 325 nm, substances with UV absorbance at 254 nm and HLAs. Additionally, excitation emission matrix fluorescence combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) showed that tryptophan-like C3 was more prone to transformation than tyrosine-like C2 and was responsible for the humification process. The substance with an absorbance at 325 nm was a reaction intermediate in the transformation process of protein-like substances to HLAs. The above findings can be used to promote the production of liquid fertilizer associated with carbon sequestration as well as the sustainable development of biogas production.