Anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments: Changes of amino acids and microbial community

•Tryptophan protein, and aromatic protein I/II were the key identified proteins. •Cysteine was more correlated with methane production than other amino acids. •The presence of cysteine can promote methane production and degradation of VFAs. •The presence of cysteine can lower ORP and increase biomass activity. •Predominant Tissierella and Proteiniphilum were noted in pretreated sludge samples. Many studies have investigated the effects of different pretreatments on the performance of anaerobic digestion of sludge. However, the detailed changes of dissolved organic nitrogen, particularly the release behavior of proteins and the byproducts of protein hydrolysis-amino acids, are rarely known during anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments. Here we quantified the changes of three types of proteins and 17 types of amino acids in sludge samples solubilized by ultrasonic, thermal, and acid/alkaline pretreatments and their transformation during anaerobic digestion of sludge. Tryptophan protein, aromatic protein I, aromatic protein II, and cysteine were identified as the key dissolved organic nitrogen responsible for methane production during anaerobic digestion of sludge, regardless of the different pretreatment methods. Different from the depletion of other amino acids, cysteine was resistant to degradation after an incubation period of 30 days in all sludge samples. Meanwhile, the “cysteine and methionine metabolism (K00270)” was absent in all sludge samples by identifying 6755 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes assignments of genes hits. Cysteine contributed to the generation of methane and the degradation of acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids through decreasing oxidation-reduction potential and enhancing biomass activity. This study provided an alternative strategy to enhance anaerobic digestion of sludge through in situ production of cysteine.     

必需脂肪酸及其代谢转化产物的营养生理功能研究进展

为了开发富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA)这一功能性食品,需要我们更深入地认识n-3和n-6脂肪酸.必需脂肪酸α-亚麻酸和亚油酸分别是n-3和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸的母体,两者及其碳链延长产物是不能相互转化的.n-3和n-6脂肪酸的作用也不能相互替代.作为功能性食品成分的n-3和n-6脂肪酸具有预防心血管疾病、治疗高血脂症、轻度老年痴呆症、降低胆固醇血症的危险等作用.本文主要综述n-3和n-6脂肪酸的特殊作用、n-6和n-3脂肪酸之间的相互关系以及在开发富含n-3PUFA动物产品及食品方面的研究进展,并提出了今后尚待解决的问题.     

外生菌根真菌对Al3+胁迫和低钾土壤的响应

酸铝危害和土壤贫瘠是热带和亚热带森林衰亡的主要原因之一,外生菌根真菌抗铝毒和活化土壤养分有益于防止森林退化和提高森林生产力.试验在Al3+胁迫条件下,以彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius,Pt 715)、褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus(L.:Fr.)Gray,Sl 13)和亚褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus subluteus(Peck)Snell ex Slipp&Snell,Ss 00)等3株外生菌根真菌为材料,土壤为钾源,采用培养试验研究了它们的生长、有机酸和H+分泌,以及对土壤钾的利用.结果表明,在Al3+胁迫和缺钾下,3株外生菌根真菌的生长,氮、磷、钾吸收,以及有机酸和H+分泌均受Al3+浓度的调节.在Al3+浓度较低时,它们随浓度的增加而提高,到达峰值后又随Al3+浓度升高而降低.抗Al3+性较强的菌株出现峰值时的Al3+浓度高,反之亦然.Pt 715的生物量和氮吸收量达到峰值时的Al3+浓度分别是Ss 00和Sl 13菌株的4倍和2倍,磷钾吸收和有机酸及H+分泌量也显著高于Ss 00和Sl 13.此外,3株菌株均能利用土壤矿物结构钾,Pt 715、Ss 00和Sl 13对矿物结构钾的分解率分别高达2.10%、1.43%和1.17%,其利用能力与有机酸分泌的种类、数量和H+分泌量有关.     

Fe3+掺杂纳米管TiO2光催化臭氧化去除水中腐植酸

HA(humic acids, 腐植酸)是一种难降解天然有机物,常规饮用水处理工艺很难将其去除. 采用水热合成法制备纳米管TiO₂,并通过TEM(透射电镜)、XRD(X射线衍射)、XPS(X射线光电子能谱)和BET比表面积分析对催化剂进行表征,考察纳米管TiO₂光催化臭氧化对HA的去除效果. 结果表明:①254 nm紫外光照射下,500 ℃煅烧纳米管TiO₂催化臭氧化HA的工艺去除效果最佳,HA去除率可达42.1%,较单独臭氧化工艺提高92.2%. ②采用Fe³⁺掺杂纳米管TiO₂催化臭氧化工艺时,Fe³⁺掺杂量为1.0%(原子百分含量),煅烧温度为550 ℃时,催化效果最好,HA去除率可达79.5%. ③HA去除率高于TOC,0~10min内该现象更为明显. ④考察陶粒和活性炭负载Fe³⁺掺杂纳米管TiO₂的催化效果及催化次数对催化性能的影响发现,陶粒和活性炭负载Fe³⁺掺杂纳米管TiO₂存在下,HA去除率分别为85.1%和97.7%,使用4次后,HA去除率分别为73.9%和82.8%.     

基于PCA-LSSVM的厌氧废水处理系统出水VFA在线预测模型

采用IC厌氧废水处理系统处理人工合成废水,并利用PCA-LSSVM模型对系统出水挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)进行预测.首先利用主成分分析法(PCA)分析影响厌氧废水出水VFA浓度的多个变量的相关性并降低输入变量维数,然后用网格搜索结合10倍交叉验证优化LSSVM模型参数sig2和gam,最后利用建立的模型对实验数据进行仿真预测.仿真结果表明,稳态LSSVM模型对稳态条件下厌氧废水处理系统出水VFA具有很好的仿真预测能力,相对误差在4.72%以内,平均相对百分比误差(MAPE)为1.61%,均方根误差(RMSE)为1.08,相关系数达0.9996;稳态干扰LSSVM模型对厌氧废水处理系统出水VFA的仿真预测精度有所降低但仍然具有较好的预测能力,平均相对百分比误差(MAPE)为15.83%,均方根误差(RMSE)为15.45,相关系数为0.9984,该方法可为厌氧出水VFA在线预测和厌氧废水处理系统的优化控制提供指导.     

沉水植物对沉积物微生物群落结构影响:以洪泽湖湿地为例

应用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法分析洪泽湖湿地典型沉水植物菹草群丛、蓖齿眼子菜群丛、菹-蓖混丛对其根系沉积物微生物群落结构的影响,以期了解沉水植物种类以及在不同生长时期对沉积物微生物群落结构的影响规律.结果表明,植物群丛根系沉积物PLFA总量在不同的时期发生了明显的变化,而同一时期的不同群丛PLFA总量差异不显著.沉积物微生物群落结构受沉水植物根系影响,菹草群丛中G~+/G~-(革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌)在3个不同生长时期比值为0.74、1.35、1.26,蓖齿眼子菜群丛G~+/G~-比值为0.89、0.98、1.49,菹-蓖混合群丛G~+/G~-比值为0.95、1.39、1.35,其G~+/G~-的变化和植物根系生长有密切关系.沉积物微生物群落结构受环境因子的影响,环境因子如T、p H、TOC、DO等与沉积物PLFA中特征磷脂存在相关性.     

The complexation of Cu(II) by anthropogenic fulvic acids extracted from composted urban and livestock wastes

Abstract

The fulvic acid (fua) fractions of two samples of composted solid wastes [urban (urfua) and livestock (lsfua) wastes], commercialized to be used in agriculture as organic correctives or fertilizers, were analyzed for their affinity towards Cu(II) at pH=6. Molecular fluorescence spectroscopy (synchronous mode) was used to monitor the quenching caused by the complexation upon addition of Cu(II) to fua. Spectral data were preprocessed by a chemometric self‐modeling mixture analysis method (SIMPLISMA) to detect the number of different types of fluorescent binding sites that exist in each fua, their spectra and the corresponding quenching profiles [fluorescence intensity as function of the total Cu(II) concentration]. From the analysis of the quenching profiles, the amount of binding sites (Cl) and the corresponding conditional stability constants (K') were calculated. Both fua samples have approximately Cl = 0.21 mmol/g and the logarithms of K’ are 4.21(3) and 4.51(8), respectively for urfua and lsfua. The differences detected between these fua samples and those extracted from natural soils can be attributed mainly to the relatively small humification extent of the present anthropogenic fua samples.     

Soil humic acids may favour the persistence of hexavalent chromium in soil

The interaction between hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), as K₂CrO₄, and standard humic acids (HAs) in bulk solution was studied using three complementary analytical methods: UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and differential pulse stripping voltammetry. The observed UV-Vis and X-ray absorption spectra showed that, under our experimental conditions, HAs did not induce reduction of Cr(VI) to its trivalent chemical form. The interaction between Cr(VI) and HAs has rather led to the formation of Cr(VI)-HAs micelles via supramolecular chemical processes. The reported results could contribute towards explaining the relative persistence of ecotoxic hexavalent chromium in soils.