A misdiagnosis of X-linked adrenoleucodystrophy in cultured chorionic villus cells by the measurement of very long chain fatty acids

A case is reported of a male fetus at risk of X-linked adrenoleucodystrophy who showed a normal cultured chorionic villus cell very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) profile but at birth exhibited grossly abnormal plasma and cultured fibroblast VLCFAs. Maternal contamination or a sample mix-up was excluded by chromosome analysis and analysis of polymorphic markers. This is the second report of a fetus affected with this disorder who showed normal cultured chorionic villus cell VLCFAs. It highlights the importance of a proper audit of all prenatal diagnoses to evaluate method reliability.     

Volatile fatty acids carbon source for biological denitrification

Ｖｏｌａｔｉｌｅｆａｔｔｙａｃｉｄｓｃａｒｂｏｎｓｏｕｒｃｅｆｏｒｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄｅｎｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ￥ＸｕＹａｔｏｎｇ（ＣｅｎｔｒｅｏｆＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｆｏｒＷａｔｅｒａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，Ｌｙｏｎｎ...     

京密引水中天然有机物的形态

用改进的Ｌｅｅｎｈｅｅｒ分离方法，并引入最新的ＸＡＤ－８，ＸＡＤ－４树脂串联技术，将京密引水中有机物定量分离为悬浮和溶解态两大类。后者又进一步分离为憎水有机物、腐殖酸类，ＸＡＤ－４酸和亲水中性有机物等形成。溶解态有机物含量约为３ｍｇＣ／ｌ，其中一半左右为腐殖酸类。ＸＡＤ－４酸占溶解态有机１５－２０％，非极性憎水有机物所占比例很低。     

Primary sludge stabilisation with calcium hydroxide

We studied the effect of the addition of calcium hydroxide to primary raw sludges. Calcium hydroxide enhances ammonia release as well as proteins and fats hydrolysis from the sludge organic material during stabilisation process. Changes in the molecular composition of the sludge extractable lipids caused by calcium hydroxide suspension, analysed using gas chromatography interfaced to mass spectrometry detector, are discussed. Calcium hydroxide treatment selectively removes fatty acids from the sludge lipids, while it has little effect on removal and molecular assemblage of the stanol and sterol compounds during sludge stabilisation. Biogenic n-alkanes are minor components in the sludge lipids.     

不同木豆品种耐铝性的基因型差异及其机理研究

以6个品种的木豆为材料，探讨了木豆品种间耐铝性的基因型差异及其机制。铝对根伸长的抑制大小及苏木精对根尖的染色模式的研究结果表明，不同品种木豆的耐铝性基因型差异明显。在铝胁迫条件下，去除根尖吸附的粘胶，耐铝的基因型MD2和敏感的基因型MD5根的伸长率均减少，而根尖被苏木精染色程度加深；去除粘胶对MD2的影响大于MD5，说明粘胶对根尖的保护是木豆抵御铝毒的一个重要机制。虽然铝胁迫可诱导木豆根系分泌柠檬酸和苹果酸，但根系苹果酸的分泌量在MD2和MD间无显著差异，MD2柠檬酸的分泌量甚至低于MD5。     

Large-scale production of poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) by fermentation ofChromobacterium violaceum,processing, and characterization of the homopolyester

A fed-batch process was developed, which allowed biotechnological production of the homopolyester poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) [poly(3HV)], in a mineral salts medium containing valeric acid as carbon source and complex nutrients as supplements byChromobacterium violaceum at a 10- and 300-L fermentation scale. This process yielded up to 40 g dry cell matter per L fermentation broth, and the cells contained up to 70% (w/w) poly(3HV). Poly(3HV), which was extracted from the cells with chloroform and was precipitated from this solvent with ethanol, was processed to test bars by injection molding or by press processing and to fibers by melt spinning. The unprocessed and processed poly(3HV) material was characterized with respect to the molecular weight and with respect to thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties. It was shown that it is possible to process biodegradable poly(3HV) thermoplastically and to obtain a polymer suitable for applications with low strength requirements.     

A statistical comparison of naphthenic acids characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Naphthenic acids are complex mixtures of alkyl-substituted acyclic and cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids, with the general chemical formula C_nH_2n+zO₂, where n is the carbon number and Z specifies a homologous family. These acids have a variety of commercial uses, including being used as wood preservatives. They are found in conventional and heavy oils, and in the oil sands of northeastern Alberta, Canada. Naphthenic acids are major contributors to the toxicity of tailings waters that result from the oil sands extraction process. Eight naphthenic acids preparations (four from commercial sources and four from the oil sands operations) were derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The composition of each mixture was summarized as a three-dimensional plot of the abundance of specific ions (corresponding to naphthenic acids) versus carbon number (ranging from 5 to 33) and Z family (ranging from 0 to −12). The data in these plots were divided into three groups according to carbon number (group 1 contained carbon numbers 5–14, group 2 contained carbon numbers 15–21, and group 3 contained carbon numbers 22–33). A t-test, using arcsine-transformed data, was applied to compare corresponding groups in samples from various sources. Results of the statistical analyses showed differences between various commercial naphthenic acids preparations, and between naphthenic acids from different oil sands ores and tailings ponds. This statistical approach can be applied to data collected by other mass spectrometry methods.     

城镇污水厂剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸工程示范研究

鉴于污泥厌氧发酵产酸技术的生产规模性研究较少,为深入了解城镇剩余污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）工程的长期运行特征,基于0.3 t/d规模的生产线平台进行了为期240 d的稳定运行研究,考察了长期运行条件下的污泥预处理效果、产酸水平、VFAs回收和经济可行性.结果表明:污泥经热-混碱预处理后溶解性有机物浓度〔ρ（SCOD）,以溶解性COD计〕比原污泥提高了29倍,水解率达到56%.当ρ（TSS）（TSS为总悬浮固体）分别为30和70 g/L时,污泥预处理水解率分别为56%和59%;厌氧发酵产酸率〔以每g污泥有机物生产多少mg VFAs计,R_VFAs〕分别为277和256 mg/g;ρ（TVFAs）（TVFAs为总挥发性脂肪酸）最高可达9.1 g/L,其中乙酸占61.6%.采用聚合氯化铝（PAC）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）联合调理能够有效提高发酵污泥的脱水性能,与对照组相比,泥饼的含水率由84.8%降至64.0%,发酵液的回收率由33.7%升至75.7%.经济效益分析表明,设置处理规模为100 t/d时,运行成本为346.6元/t,收益为451.4元/t.研究显示,城镇污水厂剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸生产线运行稳定,能够实现较好的有机物生物转化与资源化效果,经济可行,具有显著的应用前景.      

南京三级分档雾水有机酸和无机组分化学特征

本研究于2017年11月~2018年1月在南京北郊开展为期45d的雾外场综合观测试验,并在2017年12月30~31日一次浓雾过程中,利用主动式分档雾水采集器采集三级分档雾水样品 （三级切割直径：S1, > 22μm;S2,16~22μm;S3,4~16μm）,测定了样品的有机酸和无机离子浓度以及pH值和电导率,以探讨南京三级粒径雾水的有机酸和无机离子组分化学特征.结果表明,南京三级粒径雾水呈碱性,Ca²⁺,NH₄⁺,SO₄^2-和NO₃^-为三级分档雾水的主要离子组分.甲酸根（HCOO^-）、甲基磺酸根（CH₃SO₃^-）、草酸根（C₂O₄^2-）和乙酸根（CH₃COO^-）为主要有机酸组分.总离子浓度和各种离子浓度的体积加权平均随粒径变化呈“U”型分布,且在4~16μm小雾滴中富集.4种主要有机酸离子浓度间均存在显著相关性.雾水中Ca²⁺和NH₄⁺是导致雾水呈碱性的主要原因.与2013年相比,2017年雾水酸度大幅降低,主要由于致酸成分的减少和中和反应的发生.     

拉萨河全氟化合物的时空分布特征研究

对拉萨河27个采样点、拉萨污水处理厂分别在丰水期和枯水期进行水样的采集,并用双三元二维液相色谱-串联质谱法（DGLC-MS/MS）首次对水样中的17种全氟化合物（PFASs）进行检测分析,结果表明,PFASs在拉萨普遍存在,拉萨河表层水中平均Σ₁₃ PFASs浓度为322pg/L,范围从60到1724pg/L.拉萨河PFASs的浓度水平低于其他大城市流域,但高于南北极表层水体.拉萨河中的主要化合物为全氟丁酸（PFBA）（25%）、全氟戊酸（PFPeA）（22%）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）（14%）、全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）（14%）和全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）（13%）.空间分布特征表明,拉萨河中全氟化合物的排放还存在一些点排放源,拉萨市产生的污水并未完全汇入到拉萨市污水处理厂中处理.基于PFBA和PFBS的全氟产品使用比较广泛,而基于PFOA和PFOS的全氟产品只在某些区域或行业有相对多的使用量或排量.PFASs在丰水期和枯水期的浓度水平和组成特征有显著的差异,拉萨全氟化合物产品的生产和使用模式受季节影响较大.污水处理厂是PFASs排放到拉萨河中的一个重要点源.污水处理厂每年排放到拉萨河中的全氟化合物约为37mg,拉萨河排放到雅鲁藏布江的物质荷载约为292t/a.在未来,所有的废水都应严格地纳入污水处理厂经达标处理后再排放.尽管PFOA和PFOS在拉萨的生产和使用进行了一定的转型,但是基于全氟化合物的产品的限制应进一步系统地执行和强有力地落实.