餐厨垃圾单相厌氧酸化系统恢复参数

针对现今餐厨垃圾单相厌氧酸化系统缺乏有效的恢复性监控指标,提出可有效表征酸化系统恢复的监控指标。在中温条件下,连续对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化系统进行负荷冲击及恢复,分别对p H、沼气产率及成分、挥发性脂肪酸组成成分、总碱度(TA)和碳酸氢盐碱度(BA)及其组合指标进行监测分析。结果表明,传统单因子参数不能有效地指示系统恢复,选取VFA/BA和丙酸/乙酸的比值作为餐厨垃圾单相厌氧酸化系统恢复指示性参数。在酸化系统恢复过程中,当丙酸/乙酸≤1.4、VFA/BA≤0.4时,表明系统中各种挥发酸浓度值已恢复正常,且具有足够的缓冲能力,可提高反应器负荷,保证反应器恢复启动运行。     

浓度波扩散模型在玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵中的应用及验证

将Vavilin的浓度波扩散模型引入到玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵中,使用MATLAB7.0软件运用最小二乘法,计算初始含水量为70%的中温玉米秸秆干发酵过程中Ds、DB和ρm等相关模型系数,并通过不同初始含水量(75%、80%和85%)实验来进行验证,结果表明,所得模型系数在含水量70%~80%时预测效果较好,能较为准确地反映发酵过程中的传质过程。     

挥发性脂肪酸对厌氧干式发酵产甲烷的影响

为了提高中温干式厌氧间歇发酵效率,研究了发酵过程中间产物———挥发性脂肪酸对产甲烷的影响。实验分2批进行,第1批在牛粪发酵过程中分别添加乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,第2批发酵添加易产生挥发酸的厨余垃圾混合发酵。结果显示,添加单一挥发酸的发酵过程中,添加丙酸的产甲烷速度较慢,因为丙酸降解生成乙酸的速度较慢,减慢了甲烷的形成;混合发酵过程厨余垃圾产甲烷速度比牛粪快,发酵过程产生2个产气高峰;牛粪和厨余垃圾固体物质含量比在11∶1到5∶1范围内较好,比牛粪单独发酵产气多,产酸高但不酸败,产生的挥发酸主要是乙酸和丙酸,其中比例为7∶1混合发酵的产甲烷速率最大,为4.89 mL/(g VS·d)。实验表明,牛粪厌氧干式发酵过程添加一定量的厨余垃圾可加快挥发酸的产生并提高挥发酸产量,从而提高甲烷的产量,但是总挥发酸长时间超过10 000 mg/L,pH降到不适于产甲烷菌生长的范围时,将抑制甲烷的生成,挥发酸积累导致厌氧发酵酸败。     

The spectroscopic studies of humic acid extracted from sediment collected at different seasons

Gocza?kowice Reservoir is the biggest water reservoir in the south of Poland. For our studies bottom sediments were collected from eight different places of the reservoir at various seasons of the year.EPR spectroscopy was applied to analyse both quantitatively and qualitatively the humic acids (HA) present in the samples. EPR spectra of the extracted HA exhibited broad lines from the paramagnetic metal ions and narrow lines from free radicals. The values of the free radical concentration obtained for HA amounted to 1.14-13.6 × 1016 spin g⁻¹ depending on the season and the place of sample collection. The values of the g factor obtained for HA were of the range 2.0027-2.0035.The EPR studies show that HA extracted from bottom sediment collected at various points of the Gocza?kowice Reservoir exhibit similar physical-chemical properties. It was also observed that the depth of the reservoir affects the content of the oxygen functional groups as well as the free radical concentration in HA.The identification of the functional groups was done by means of IR. UV/VIS spectroscopy was used to estimate the maturity of the HA.     

新农药环境化学行为研究──除草剂绿草定（Triclopyr）在土壤－水环境中的吸附和光解

研究土壤、腐殖酸、粘土矿对绿草定的吸附及溶液中的光降解的结果表明：吸附强弱与土壤理化特性密切相关,Freundlich常数Kf与（3·OM%＋Clay％）pH3有较好的相关性（r＝0.997）;腐殖酸较粘土矿的吸附容量大;绿草定在土壤中的吸附可能有离子键、氢键、配位键及偶极－偶极作用等。太阳光中小于330nm波长的光对降解有效,波长254nm的光对绿草定的降解作用是波长300nm光的3.5倍。     

广州市大气气溶胶中水溶性有机物的季节变化

采用BSTFA 衍生化预处理和GC/MS 分析技术, 于2002─2003年对广州市荔湾区大气气溶胶中的水溶性化合物进行了定量检测.结果表明,水溶性化合物呈现一定的季节变化趋势.脱水糖类在春、夏、秋、冬的质量浓度分别为132.06,160.58,301.70和244.90 ng/m3,左旋葡聚糖的秋季质量浓度达到234.9 ng/m3,表明存在大量的生物质燃烧;以葡萄糖、蔗糖为代表的糖类化合物主要来源于生长在土壤中的植物,其进入气溶胶中的主要途径是农作物的耕作和收割、风的侵蚀以及交通等,秋季质量浓度较高可能与植物落叶和秸秆燃烧有关;二酸的质量浓度在冬季达到最大值,可能与广州的气象条件有关.广州夏季盛行西南风,降雨较多,而冬季通常逆温少雨,造成二酸质量浓度升高.      

Partial least square modeling of hydrolysis: analyzing the impacts of pH and acetate

Introduction Environm ental and econom ic advantages highlight anaerobic digestion as a sustainable technology for solid w aste treatm ent (Edelm ann etal., 2000). A naerobic digestion could be described as four sequential steps: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, aceto- genesis and m ethanogenesis, am ong w hich the hydrolysis is recognized as the rate-lim iting step for particulate organic w aste (Jain et al., 1992; M ata-A lvarez, 2000). H ydrolysis occurs com m only together w ith the acidogenesi…     

Evaluation of operational parameters in thermophilic acid fermentation of kitchen waste

In this study, the effect of operational parameters, such as solids retention time (SRT), pH, and substrate total solids (TS) concentration, on acid fermentation efficiency was investigated. From batch tests, it was shown that the appropriate pH range for thermophilic acidogens was around 6–7 and that the optimum pH condition was 6. From the continuous experiment, pH and SRT were shown to be the most important operational parameters for solubilization and organic acid production. In contrast, TS concentration did not show any obvious effect on chromium chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) solubilization when TS was in the range 3.5%–10%. The optimum operational conditions for thermophilic acid fermentation were an SRT of 2 days and a pH of 6. This research was carried as a part of the CREST project of Japan Science and Technology Agency.     

Novel materials for environmental remediation of tailing pond waters containing naphthenic acids

A nanofiltration strategy for tailing pond waters (TPWs) that utilizes cyclodextrin (CD)-based polymeric materials as supramolecular sorbents is proposed. Naphthenic acids (NAs) from the Athabasca TPWs are investigated as the target sorbate molecules.The sorption properties of several supramolecular porous materials were characterized using equilibrium sorption isotherms in aqueous solution wherein electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to monitor the concentration of NAs in aqueous solution. The characterization of the supramolecular sorbents was performed using ¹³C NMR and IR spectroscopy, while nitrogen porosimetry was used to estimate their surface area and pore structure properties. Independent estimates of surface area were obtained using a chromophore dye adsorption method in aqueous solution.The sorption results for NAs in solution were compared between a commercially available standard; granular activated carbon (GAC) and three types of synthetic materials. The sorption capacities for GAC ranged from 100 to 160 mg NAs/g of material whereas the polymeric materials ranged from 20 to 30 mg NAs/g of material over the experimental conditions investigated. In general, differences in the sorption properties between GAC and the CD-based sorbents were observed and related to differences in the surface areas of the materials and the chemical nature of the sorbents. The CD-based supramolecular materials displayed sorption capacities ranging from 36.2 to 657 m²/g as compared to that for GAC (795 m²/g).