洪家渡、东风电站在梯级开发中的环境经济发展影响

乌江是长江上游四大支流之一,水量丰富,流量均衡,平均比降大,是我国水能资源的一个“富矿”地区。从６０年代末开始,国家在流域内规划建设１１个梯级电站,其中的洪家渡、东风电站是乌江干流梯级开发中的龙头电站,其环境经济状况及成效将对其他库站产生较大的影响。为此,本文重点从其环境经济发展方面作有关的相关效应评述。     

新型多级冲击采样器切割粒径的标准粒子实验分析

大气溶胶对环境污染、气候变化以及人体健康有着重要的影响,大气溶胶的采集和分析已成为当前大气环境研究领域中的一个重要课题.论述的新型多级冲击采样器能够实现大气溶胶颗粒物按空气动力学粒径的大小7级分离采集,提供大致均匀的平面样品以进行后续的物理、化学分析,同时保证各分级切割粒径的稳定性.利用振动孔溶胶发生器产生均匀、粒径大致相同、单分散相的1.5～17μm空气动力学粒径标准粒子,对新型多级冲击采样器前三级的切割粒径和收集效率进行鉴定性分析实验,结果表明,能够满足对大气溶胶颗粒物分级采集的要求.     

Do Hydroelectric Dams Mitigate Global Warming? The Case of Brazil's CuruÁ-una Dam

Hydroelectric dams in tropical forest areas emit greenhouse gases, as illustrated by the Curuá-Una Dam in the Amazonian portion of Brazil. Emissions include carbon dioxide from decay of the above-water portions of trees that are left standing in the reservoir and methane from soft vegetation that decays under anaerobic conditions on the bottom of the reservoir, especially macrophytes (water weeds) and vegetation that grows in the drawdown zone and is flooded when the reservoir water level rises. Some methane is released from the reservoir surface through bubbling and diffusion, but larger amounts are released from water passing through the turbines and spillway. Methane concentration in the water increases with depth, and the turbines and spillway draw water from sufficient depth to have substantial methane content. In 1990 (13 years after filling), the Curuá-Una Dam emitted 3.6 times more greenhouse gases than would have been emitted by generating the same amount of electricity from oil.     

湖泊(水库)网箱养鱼水质模型研究

针对温带地区深水湖泊（水库）中常见的热分层现象，在北京市密云水库网箱养鱼对水质影响的实例研究中，提出了经过修正的夏季双箱模型和冬季单箱模型．为密云水库的水质污染防治及制定环境管理规划提供了科学依据．     

工业园区能量梯级利用节能减排效益分析及其对城市空气质量影响评估

工业园区由于资源能源消耗和污染排放总量大,能量梯级利用水平普遍较低,在我国推进生态文明建设的过程中受到了重点关注.本研究以河南省一个典型的高能耗工业园区（永城经济技术开发区）为研究对象,对能量梯级利用措施带来的节能效果和大气污染物减排效益进行了定量的研究,并且结合CALPUFF模型分析园区能量梯级利用措施对周边城市大气环境质量的影响.结果表明：①通过应用能量梯级利用措施,有效地提高了能源的使用效率,并减少了SO₂、NO_x以及颗粒物等主要大气污染物的排放量.园区12条能量梯级利用链条的节能总量为10000 TJ, SO₂和NO_x排放量分别减少为611 t和1407 t, PM₁₀ 和PM_2.5分别减少为82 t和45 t.②CALPUFF模拟结果显示园区采用能量梯级利用措施在一定程度上改善了城市大气环境的空气质量.永城市2017年4种污染物的最大1 h平均浓度在有能量梯级利用措施情景（S2）下和无能量梯级利用情景（S1）相比均有所降低,其中NO_x降幅最为明显,在春秋两季为70 μg·m^-3左右.     

辽宁省水库富营养化限制因子及风险研究

中国东北部典型水库群的富营养化风险管理是饮用水安全的重要保障。选择辽宁省15个主要水库作为研究案例,以近十年的水质数据为评价基础,采用统计学分析方法,针对春、夏、秋3个季节建立富营养化指标的回归模型,识别不同季节富营养化产生的主要限制因子。采用概率分布曲线法对各水库发生中营养化和轻度富营养化的风险进行评估,并对15座水库的风险进行排序。结果表明:水库富营养化在不同季节的环境限制因子各有不同,水库中营养化和轻度富营养化的风险特征也有显著差异。     

A Nationwide Analysis of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reservoir Performance in Meeting Operational Targets

The United States (U.S.) Army Corps of Engineers operates reservoirs across the U.S. with 89% of reservoirs constructed prior to 1980. Many reservoirs have experienced changes in environmental conditions (e.g., climate and sediment yield) and societal conditions (e.g., water/energy demand and ecological flows) since construction. These changes may challenge the potential for reservoirs to meet their operational targets (OTs) (management goals). Historic daily reservoir data and OTs were collected for 233 reservoirs. Analyses were developed to identify when and where reservoirs may be systematically departing from OTs in terms of the frequency and magnitude of departure. Fifty‐six percent of reservoirs consistently met operating targets, 30% were borderline, and 13% experienced frequent and large magnitude departures. Fifty‐two percent of reservoirs with large departures were due to shortages and were located in the South Pacific and Southwestern divisions. This work provides a framework to identify reservoir performance in relation to management goals, a necessary step for moving toward adaptive management under changing conditions. All individual reservoir analyses are provided via an interactive data visualization tool: https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/reservoir-data .     

乌江流域梯级水库的氮磷分布及其滞留效率研究

河流梯级水坝建设不仅造成营养元素在水库累积,向下游的输送通量降低,而且由于对不同元素的不同拦截效率会影响到元素的计量关系,从而影响水库生态系统和水质变化。为了厘清水库对N、P的拦截效率,本研究于2013~2015年分三次对乌江流域七个大型梯级水库水体总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度进行了采样分析,探讨了不同梯级水库中氮磷营养元素的分布及其滞留效率。结果发现,乌江流域各梯级水库中TN浓度从上游到下游有逐级降低的趋势,每一级水库拦截了2%~13%的氮。乌江流域梯级水库较低的生产力和较高的氧浓度使其对TP的拦截效率更高,但水库较低的TP浓度使得拦截效果容易受到外源P输入的抵消。水库对TN、TP的拦截效率差异导致水库N/P比值发生了明显变化,因而在流域管理控制N、P的方法选择上应充分考虑这一自然过程的影响。     

A Method to Consider Whether Dams Mitigate Climate Change Effects on Stream Temperatures

This article provides a method for examining mesoscale water quality objectives downstream of dams with anticipated climate change using a multimodel approach. Coldwater habitat for species such as trout and salmon has been reduced by water regulation, dam building, and land use change that alter stream temperatures. Climate change is an additional threat. Changing hydroclimatic conditions will likely impact water temperatures below dams and affect downstream ecology. We model reservoir thermal dynamics and release operations (assuming that operations remain unchanged through time) of hypothetical reservoirs of different sizes, elevations, and latitudes with climate‐forced inflow hydrologies to examine the potential to manage water temperatures for coldwater habitat. All models are one dimensional and operate on a weekly timestep. Results are presented as water temperature change from the historical time period and indicate that reservoirs release water that is cooler than upstream conditions, although the absolute temperatures of reaches below dams warm with climate change. Stream temperatures are sensitive to changes in reservoir volume, elevation, and latitude. Our approach is presented as a proof of concept study to evaluate reservoir regulation effects on stream temperatures and coldwater habitat with climate change.     

多点交替进水阶式A2/O工艺氮磷去除途径

为分析CMICAO(多点交替进水阶式A2/O)工艺处理实际生活污水时对氮、磷的去除机理,基于物料衡算方程,计算各反应池内污染物质量浓度,并与实测值进行对比,分析氮、磷的去除途径,提出强化工艺脱氮除磷的方法.结果表明,试验条件下,出水中ρ(TP)、ρ(TN)和ρ(氨氮)分别为(0.41±0.08)、(10.24±0.40)和(2.07±0.30)mg/L.除微生物同化作用外,系统中的氮主要通过好氧硝化、缺氧/厌氧反硝化及SND(同步硝化反硝化)途径去除,阶段一3#反应池、阶段二2#反应池和阶段三1#反应池的SND率分别达到37%、52%和58%左右.磷通过聚磷菌厌氧/缺氧释磷、好氧吸磷和反硝化除磷途径去除,阶段一4#池的反硝化吸磷量达到3 mg/L左右.降低好氧池ρ(DO)和改变缺氧池与厌氧池的进水量比例可强化脱氮除磷效果.