局地化工区污染案例的小气候特征分析研究

针对群众举报夜晚受不明气体污染中毒的两起事件,经过环保部门的现场勘查及监测,确定造成纺织厂污染的大气污染物为HCl气体,来自于纺织厂隔壁的农药厂装盐酸的空罐、罐区受污染的固体废弃物及受污染的土壤;助剂厂附近村民所受的污染物为HNO3、NO2和NOx气体,来自于助剂厂装硝酸的空罐、跑冒滴漏的废水废气、固体废弃物及受污染的土壤。夜晚气温降到露点,空气湿度达到饱和状态,气体污染物与空气中的水分结合形成对人体危害更重的酸或酸性气体;这两个工厂又都位于鸭绿江边的化工区内,具有局地小气候特征,夜晚易形成类似于海陆风的微风,形成局地污染。     

重庆境内江河水域渔业环境特点及对船体网箱养鱼的影响

重庆境内河流属长江水系，以长江，嘉陵江，涪江等河流为骨干和主体，水域面积８．２５万ｈａ，占水域总面积的７６．４％，船体网箱养鱼是近年来在该地区兴起并迅速发展的鱼类集约化养殖方式。本文根据船体网箱养鲤试验结果和有关资料，分析了重庆境内江河水温，含氧量，流速，含沙量，浮渣，工业污染特点及对船体网箱养鱼的影响，拟合了养殖舱内，外流速关系及含沙量与透明度关系，并就船体网箱养鱼的进一步发展提出了措施。     

黑臭水体治理思路与技术措施

我国城市水体黑臭现象普遍发生,目前各地正在开展黑臭水体的大规模治理。简要介绍了我国黑臭水体问题的严重性,阐述了当前国家对黑臭水体治理的政策和治理目标。对黑臭水体的概念进行了辨析,提出了我国黑臭水体的治理思路,明确了黑臭水体治理的技术路线,包括开展调查与问题诊断、核定污染物负荷并确定黑臭水体治理目标、提出适用技术与治理方案、预测治理效果。在此基础上提出了我国黑臭水体治理的主要技术措施,包括污染源治理、水力调控、生态修复,同时要加强综合管理。对国内外黑臭水体治理的进展与案例进行了综述,分析了其治理过程及存在的问题。最后从黑臭水体评价指标、技术体系、管理机制、宣传教育四方面提出黑臭水体治理的建议。     

村镇供水管网优化设计探讨

如何合理确定村镇供水管网敷设方案,关系到整个供水系统的安全性和可靠性。通过生成树变化法,将环状管网转化成树状管网,确定供水管网中最短供水路线,再计算最短供水路线下的最低综合费用、供水系统的经济管径,以确定最优管道敷设方案。根据该方法对四川省某镇供水系统进行了设计。     

Investigation of Environmental Effects Based on Exergetic Irreversibility for Display Cases’ Units in Commercial Cooling

This study examines energetic and exergetic performances of display cases’ units used in market applications depending on different refrigerants. Besides CO₂ emission potential of each refrigerant based on exergetic irreversibility obtained from analyses is calculated by the method of Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI). In this study, 1 kW cooling capacity and vapor compression cooling cycle is taken as reference and refrigerants of R-22, R-134a, R-404A, and R-507 together with alternative refrigerant R-407C and R152a are examined separately. According to analyses, R-404A gas, used widely in market applications, has low performance with average COP 3.89 and average exergy efficiency 55.20%. R-152a gas has the best performance by the thermodynamics parameters including COP 4.49, exergy efficiency 63.79%, and 0.23 kW power consumption and emission parameter 14097.490 ton CO₂/year. Although COP is used as a criterion to evaluate the systems, this study finally emphasizes the importance of exergy analysis and TEWI method which are important methods to determine irreversibility and emission potential of the systems.     

循环流化床锅炉脱硫效率分析及监测实例

分析总结了循环流化床（CFB）锅炉的脱硫机理以及影响其脱硫效率的各种因素,对某燃煤热电厂和某生物质环保热电厂的循环流化床锅炉脱硫效果（加石灰石前后二氧化硫的排放情况）进行了实测,结果表明：采用循环流化床添加石灰石炉内脱硫后的烟气排放完全满足中国相关排放标准的要求。通过加强对循环流化床锅炉运行的管理,可具有广阔的应用前景。     

环境污染损害赔偿诉讼中的举证责任转移制度

环境污染损害赔偿案作为特定的民事侵权诉讼案,适用举证责任转移制度,它得到了法律的规定和司法实践的支持。文章深入阐述了举证责任转移制度的定义和内涵,以及在世界各国立法推行的情况。同时,根据我国国情,探讨了将举证责任转移制度纳入立法的必要性和可能性,以及当前在我国立法上存在的缺陷。     

我国突发环境事件演变态势、应对经验及防控建议

依据2006—2020年突发环境事件数据,运用统计和个案分析方法,分析了近年来我国突发环境事件的演变规律、总体情况及特点,基于典型案例,探讨了突发环境事件应对的有效模式及成功经验。结果表明：2006—2020年全国共发生突发环境事件6 569起,总体呈下降趋势;2016—2020年发生的重大及以上突发环境事件较2011—2015年下降了69%,趋势明显,说明我国突发环境事件总体上得到了有效防控。然而,事件多发频发的高风险态势并没有根本改变,近年来还呈现出情况复杂、类型多、诱因复杂、公众关注度高等一些新的发展态势。基层环境应急准备扎实、应急指挥体系高效顺畅、预警防控体系健全、科技支撑和物资储运保障有力、信息公开机制健全是妥善应对突发环境事件的成功经验。未来应注重重大环境风险的识别防范,重大及敏感突发环境事件的应急准备和应对、环境应急管理人员能力的培养、环境应急管理体制机制的创新。     

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WHO SHOULD LEAD,WHO SHOULD PAY?1

ABSTRACT: Improving water management to meet future global needs will certainly require technical advances, but the main challenge is to integrate the viewpoints of diverse societal interests into decisions about allocation of water resources. The integration cannot be done solely by the market because it requires a balancing among interests which do not respond well to market forces, nor by the state alone because of institutional problems. The concept of “integrated water resources management” has been developed to provide the framework for the required balancing of interests, and, like similar concepts in industries other than water, it has a dual purpose - to link stakeholders and apply best practices to management actions. To clarify the process of integrated water management, the paper focuses on two questions: who should lead integrated water resources management and who should pay for it? Several examples are given to illustrate a range of situations. The paper concludes with a call to improve paradigms of integrated water management, a proposition that water organizations should accept and budget for their external responsibilities as well as their direct missions, affirmation of the need for state and federal agencies to be involved with local interests, a call for better scientific and public information, and identification of the need for continued work to improve the process of integrated water management.     

上海市建筑玻璃幕墙光反射影响案例研究

玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价是建设项目环境影响评价的一项新内容,上海市建筑玻璃幕墙光反射评价的实践工作开展后,不同类型建筑产生的光反射影响的特点渐渐为评价工作者所熟知,然而提出一个可操作性强的防治措施却并非易事。本文介绍了几种典型案例的光反射影响的特点及其防治措施,为在上海进行的建筑玻璃幕墙设计和光反射影响评价工作提供借鉴作用。