南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响

本研究通过对江西千烟洲香溪流域雨季氮湿沉降及径流过程进行监测,分析降雨及径流过程的各形态氮浓度变化,探讨南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响.结果表明:1 2014年雨季(3~6月)共27场降雨,产生的氮湿沉降负荷达43.64~630.59 kg,氮沉降通量为0.44~6.43 kg·hm-2,呈现出极大的季节变异性;2对其中3场降雨过程进行动态分析发现,当降雨量为8~14 mm时,流域氮沉降负荷达18.03~41.16 kg,而该地区氮湿沉降通量为0.18~0.42 kg·hm-2.其中3场次降雨事件导致流域水体的总径流量为4 189.38 m3,TN总流失负荷16.72 kg,输出通量为4.64 kg·hm-2;DTN总流失负荷为9.64 kg,输出通量为2.68 kg·hm-2;NH+4-N总流失负荷2.93 kg,输出通量为0.81 kg·hm-2;NO-3-N总流失负荷5.60 kg,输出通量为1.56 kg·hm-2.3流域氮湿沉降对流域氮输出的贡献率约为56%~94%,说明降雨对流域氮流失影响巨大,并以硝酸盐为主,流域水体中总氮浓度超过河流水体富营养化阈值(1.5 mg·L-1)存在发生富营养化的隐患.     

一种灾害等级的区间数评估模型

由于灾害损失本身的复杂性及灾情统计方面存在的问题,利用区间数替代单一实数值作为灾害等级评估指标的输入更加符合实际。基于上述思路,提出了一种基于区间数的灾害等级评估新模型。首先,给出区间数距离的新定义,该定义能够充分利用区间数所携带的信息;然后,利用线性加权评价函数计算评估对象与评价标准之间的综合相对距离测度,评估对象隶属于综合距离测度最小值所对应的灾害等级。该模型建模过程思路清晰,物理意义明确,计算过程简捷,评估结论符合实际。最后,用实例说明模型的应用方法。     

Seasonal temperatures have more influence than nitrogen fertilizer rates on cucumber yield and nitrogen uptake in a double cropping system

Two-year greenhouse cucumber experiments were conducted to investigate seasonal effects on fruit yield, dry matter allocation, and N uptake in a double-cropping system with different fertilizer management. Seasonal effects were much greater than fertilizer effects, and winter-spring (WS) cucumber attained higher fruit yields and N uptake than autumn-winter (AW) cucumber due to lower cumulative air temperatures during fruit maturation in the AW season. Fertilizer N application and apparent N loss under recommended N management (Nmr) decreased by 40-78% and 33-48% without yield loss compared to conventional N management (Nmt) over four growing seasons. However, there were no seasonal differences in N recommendations, taking into consideration seasonal differences in crop N demand, critical nutrient supply in the root zone and N mineralization rate.     

农地整理项目农户耕地损失补偿额度的实证研究——基于耕地资源价值与农户受偿意愿

从耕地资源价值出发,测算农地整理项目农户耕地损失补偿额度,并基于湖北省孝感市和潜江市的农户调查数据分析农户的受偿意愿及其影响因素。研究表明:基于耕地资源价值体系,测算得到孝感市和潜江市农地整理项目农户耕地损失补偿额度分别为1 449 695.76、1 784 296.17元/hm~2;农户所期望得到的耕地损失补偿标准远低于耕地资源价值体系测算出来的理论值,两市农户对耕地损失的平均受偿意愿额度为336 197.95元/hm~2,可以农户受偿意愿为主、耕地农业生产价值和社会保障价值为辅,制定农地整理项目农户耕地损失补偿标准;受教育程度对补偿标准有显著负向影响,农户文化程度的提高有助于提高其对农地整理事业的认知程度,进而促进我国农地整理事业的发展;土地权属调整是解决农户耕地损失的一项重要措施,做好农地整理项目土地权属调整工作需充分尊重农户的意愿,并以农业现代化作为土地权属调整的目标。     

液体旋流分离器分离效率的研究

液体旋流分离器是水环境污染治理的主要设备之一.分离效率是衡量液体旋流分离器分离过程进行完善程度的最重要的技术指标,它能从质与量两方面反映出设备性能的优劣.当前液体旋流分离器设计过程还缺少具体量化的理论依据,为了给液体旋流分离器的设计提供理论依据,通过液体旋流分离器从水中分离固体粒子的性能实验,得出了液体旋流分离器各部结构尺寸、形状、相对比例对分离效率的不同影响程度,提出了结构参数的最佳取值范围.按照本研究提出的设计原则和方法,可以制造出性能优良的液体旋流分离器.     

不同雨强条件下太湖流域典型蔬菜地土壤磷素的径流特征

以太湖流域典型区域无锡市近郊区鸿声镇的蔬菜地为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,通过野外径流小区试验,研究了不同雨强对菜地土壤磷素径流流失的影响.结果表明,初始产流时间随雨强的增大呈幂函数减小(R²=0.99),径流量在雨强较小时,缓慢上升,但随着雨强的增大急剧上升,在雨强0.83、1.17和1.67 mm·min^-1时,总磷(TP)和颗粒态磷(PP)都表现为初始流失浓度较高,随降雨历时延长略有下降,最终趋于稳定,而在大雨强2.50 mm·min^-1时,TP和PP呈现波浪式起伏,没有明显的变化趋势;在整个降雨-径流过程中,溶解态磷(DP)变化比较平缓,占TP的比例为20%～32%,而PP占TP的比例为68%～80%,其变化规律与TP相一致,由此可见,PP是土壤磷素流失的主要形态;通过对比不同雨强下不同形态磷素的流失率,发现TP的流失率,大雨强2.50 mm·min^-1是小雨强0.83 mm·min^-1的20倍,而DP的流失率,却是33倍,这表明随着雨强的增加,加速土壤PP流失的同时,也大大促进了DP的流失,主要原因是降雨前表施磷肥,使得磷肥中大量的无机态磷溶解释放到水环境中,增加了DP的流失,从而会加重受纳水体富营养化的程度.     

控制轨道交通噪声道间声屏障研究

应用环境噪声预测与分析软件SOUNDPLAN对将设置在上海轨道交通6#线上下行线之间的道间声屏障插入损失进行了模拟计算。计算结果表明,安装道间声屏障可使得距离线路20～30m远的较高层建筑获得2～4.7dB的降噪效果;随着两侧声屏障高度的增加,安装道间声屏障对待测表面的影响范围在缩小;离轨道线路越近,道间声屏障的插入损失越大。     

水环境退化经济损失的计量方法及其应用

水环境退化较难以市场价格方式体现,是绿色GDP核算的一大难点.分析了影响水环境退化的社会经济因素、自然因素,在此基础上,构建了水环境退化的计量模型,并将社会经济发展的阶段性特征、水资源供需矛盾、降水补给变异特征和水质状况纳入模型中,采用不同参数进行描述,以保证模型的逻辑完备性和计算的简洁性.在湖州市绿色GDP核算过程中,采用该模型分别计算各县区2001-2004年水环境退化的经济损失.这些损失与当地水资源供需矛盾、水污染状况、社会经济发展等因素变化状况相符,准确反映了湖州市水环境退化的实际状况.结果表明,水环境退化的经济损失,除水污染程度外,还受到社会经济因素和降水补给等自然因素的影响.      

典型软垫家具材料火灾特性的小尺寸实验研究

本文借助锥型量热计对制作软垫家具的材料进行小尺寸实验,获得了典型软垫家具面料、聚氨酯海绵填料及其组合件的燃烧性能参数。通过对实验获得参数的分析比较,认为面料对组合件燃烧特性的影响大,仅使用阻燃布就可以明显改善组合的火灾特性。     

Experimental research of LNG accidental underwater release and combustion behavior

Evaluating potential hazards caused by accidental LNG release from underwater pipelines or vessels is a significant consideration in marine transportation safety. The aim of this study was to capture the dynamic behavior of LNG jet released under water and to analyze its vapor dispersion characteristics and combustion characteristics on the water surface during different release scenarios. Controlled experiments were conducted where LNG was jet released from a cryogenic storage tank. The dynamic process of LNG being jet released from orifices of different sizes and shapes, as well as the rising plume structure, were captured by a high-speed camera. The leakage flow rate and pipeline pressure were recorded by a flow meter and pressure gauge, respectively. The concentration distribution that emanated from the water surface was measured utilizing methane sensors in different positions with various wind speeds. The flame combustion characteristics of LNG vapor clouds, which immediately ignited upon the enclosed water tank, were also recorded. Additionally, the mass burning rate of the flame on the water surface was evaluated, and a new correlation between the ratio of flame length and width was established. The results indicated a large dimensionless heat release rate (Q*) and a continuous release flow rate in a limited burning area. This study could provide greater understanding of the mechanisms of LNG release and combustion behavior under water.