翡翠贻贝内脏团抗氧化防御系统对菲胁迫的生物响应

实验室条件下研究了海水中不同浓度(2.0、10.0、50.0μg L-1)菲胁迫1、4、8、15 d和清水恢复2、7 d后翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)内脏团中抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px、CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化.结果表明,翡翠贻贝内脏团CAT活性在d 1即受到显著诱导(P<0.05),对菲胁迫的反应非常敏感;SOD活性和GSH-Px活性对菲胁迫的生物响应呈先诱导后抑制的变化规律,而MDA含量随曝露时间延长呈现上升的趋势,且浓度越高,这3种指标的变化趋势越明显.因此翡翠贻贝内脏团中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性及MDA含量均适合作为菲污染对水生生物毒性效应的指示指标.在清水恢复阶段,相对于对照组各指标均表现出一定程度的恢复,也表明翡翠贻贝能对一定程度的菲胁迫带来的氧化损伤进行自我修复.图2表1参19     

Variation of antioxidant biomarkers in the edible oyster Saccostrea cucullata collected from three different water bodies of Sundarbans

Variations of antioxidant biomarkers such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were studied in edible part of mangrove oyster Saccostrea cucullata, collected from three different water bodies, such as Namkhana (S-I), Frazergaunge (S-II) and Sajnekhali (S-III) of Indian Sundarbans which are exposed to different degrees of anthropogenic activity. The study was conducted for consecutive two years (2010 and 2011) in the respective water bodies. Characteristics of biomarkers in oyster from the two polluted water bodies, i.e. S-I and S-II, are similar in nature in comparison to less polluted site (S-III). The catalase, superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation in oyster flesh exhibit significant (p<0.01) spatial and temporal variation among the three stations. Oysters from S-I were significantly higher (p<0.05) in antioxidant enzyme activities than oysters from S-III, which differ in their amount of pollution sources. Maximum antioxidant enzymes activity of all collected samples were recorded in pre-monsoon time and decreased in monsoon season. But maximum lipid peroxidation was noted during monsoon followed by post-monsoon and pre-monsoon.     

Acute and chronic toxic effect of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) on biomarker response in post larvae of Penaeus monodon (Fabricus, 1798)

Metal pollution produces damage to marine organisms at the cellular level possibly leading to ecological imbalance. The present investigation focused on the acute and chronic toxicity of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) by examining the effects of biomarker enzymes in post-larvae of Penaeus monodon (Tiger prawn). Antioxidant biomarker responses such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and catalase (CAT) activity for Pb and Zn were determined following chronic exposure. Acute Lethal Concentration ₅₀ (LC₅₀) values observed in the study at 96?h for Pb and Zn at 5.77?±?0.32?mg?L^?1 and 3.02?±?0.82?mg?L^?1, respectively. The estimated No Observed Effect Concentration and Lowest Observed Effect Concentration values for Pb were 0.014 and 0.029?mg?L^?1 and that recorded for Zn was 0.011 and 0.022?mg?L^?1, respectively. Among the two metals studied, toxicity of Zn was found to be greater to P. monodon than Pb. The activities of antioxidant defense enzymes and total protein content differed significantly from control following exposure to both metals. Overall, the biomarker studies demonstrated that alterations in antioxidant enzymes and induction of LPO reflect the consequences of heavy metal exposure in P. monodon.     

Radical Scavengers Suppress Low Frequency EMF Enhanced Proliferation in Cultured Cells and Stress Effects in Higher Plants

Summary In previous publications, we reported that sinusoidal varying magnetic fields (SVMF) modify the activity and dynamics of the malignancy marker adenosine deaminase, and enhance the proliferation of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). While the SVMF examined by us (50, 60 & 100 Hz / 0.06–0.7 mT) were all below kT, they may have the potential of altering chemical processes in which excited radicals are involved. We tested this hypothesis in two experimental systems: CEF in culture and Spirodela oligorrhiza (Lemnaceae) (a small aquatic plant, commonly known as Duckweed). CEF were exposed to SVMF of 100 Hz/0.7 mT for 24 h. The addition of the exogenous radical scavengers catalase, superoxide dismutase or vitamin E to the cells during exposure significantly suppressed enhancement of cell proliferation caused by the field (by 79, 67 and 82%, respectively, as evaluated by the MTT colorimetric assay). ¹⁵N NMR analysis of Duckweed plants fed by ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium chloride and exposed to SVMF at 60 and 100 Hz/0.7 mT for 24 h, revealed augmented alanine production. Alanine did not accumulate in the absence of SVMF. The addition of vitamin C, a radical scavenger, reduced alanine production by 82%. Exposure to SVMF resulted in specific metabolic stress effects in Duckweed plants and enhanced proliferation of CEF. In both cases, it is suggested that free radicals are involved.     

暗处理和自然光修复对菹草叶片过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

以自然光为对照，在预先进行暗处理，然后进行光修复的条件下，对菹草（Potamogeton crispus）过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及其与处理时间的关系进行了初步研究，结果表明：POD活性随着暗处理时间的延长而增强，随着光修复时间的延长而减弱；暗处理与对照相比，菹草叶片POD活性之间差异不显著；光修复与对照相比，前3天内，POD活性差异不显著，随着光修复时间的延长，POD活性出现显著差异（^＊P〉0．05）。CAT活性在暗处理和光修复中都一直低于对照值；暗处理开始2天，活性开始上升，达到最大值后下降，与对照菹草叶片CAT活性比较，前6天差异显著（^＊P〉0．05），第7天为差异极显著（^＊＊P〉0．01）；在光修复过程中，CAT活性第1天明显下降，与对照相比，除第3天表现出差异性显著（^＊P〉0．05）以外，其它均差异不显著。     

油松毛虫感染白僵菌后超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的变化

采用分光光度法测定了3~5龄油松毛虫(DendrolimustabulaeformisTsaietLiu)幼虫被白僵菌(Beauveriabassi ana)感染后保护酶的活性.结果表明: 3~5龄油松毛虫被白僵菌感染后1 ~8d,体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于同期未感染的幼虫,并呈现出先升高后下降的变化趋势,而同期未感染的幼虫变化不大;过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性也呈现出先升后降的趋势.利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分析了感染后1~8d幼虫体内SOD同工酶与CAT同工酶的变化.结果显示:SOD同工酶带宽与酶带亮暗变化显著;CAT同工酶酶谱有所差异,酶带数由感染初期的一条变为后期的两条带,而且带宽值与酶带亮暗变化显著. 图3表2参16     

Cd、豆磺隆胁迫下黑土-小麦系统中酶活性的动态变化

利用盆栽试验研究了Cd单一污染和Cd-豆磺隆复合污染作用下黑土-小麦系统中脲酶(Urease)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化,尤其是考察了小麦整个生育期内(主要分为拔节期、开花期和成熟期)这2种酶活性的动态变化规律.结果表明,无论是在有或无豆磺隆胁迫时,随着Cd污染浓度的增加,脲酶活性呈现出明显的下降趋势,过氧化氢酶活性变化相对于脲酶比较稳定.通过拟合方程可知,脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化在一定程度上可以反映Cd或Cd-豆磺隆的污染状况,如果用酶活性指示Cd和豆磺隆污染程度时需适当考虑作物的不同生育期以及Cd和豆磺隆污染的关系.在小麦的整个生长期内,当Cd含量为2～30 mg·kg-1时,无论是Cd单一污染还是Cd-豆磺隆复合污染,脲酶活性均呈现出由拔节期到开花期升高、由开花期到成熟期下降的趋势;而在高含量(＞30 mg·kg-1)Cd作用下,酶活性的这种变化趋势表现的较弱.     

Integrated assessment of biochemical responses in Mediterranean crab (Carcinus maenas) collected from Monastir Bay, Tunisia

The biochemical response of Mediteranean Crab (Carcinus maenas) collected at five stations of Monastir Bay and from Kuriat station as control was studied using a set of complementary biomarkers. The catalase, glutathione S-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, acetycholinesterase activities; and metallothionein and malonediladehyde levels in gills were evaluated. Results revealed differences among sites in relation to each specific biomarker. Hence, a suite of biomarkers can be used to discriminate sampling sites according to types of pollution, reflecting differing conditions of anthropogenic impact. Based on Integrated Biomarker Response, the highest values and critical biochemical alteration were observed at Khniss and Ksibat in response to urban and industrial discharges and the lowest IBR value was found at reference site. The current study has shown clearly that a biomarker-based index is usefulness tool in the monitoring Tunisian coast using C. maenas as sentinel specie. Further studies in progress to investigate the seasonal variations of IBR levels and its relationship to pollutants concentrations in the sediment, gills and digestive gland of Carcinus maenas from Monastir Bay.     

杀灭菊酯对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为了探讨杀灭菊酯(Fenvalerate)对土壤过氧化氢酶作用的可能机制,采用室内模拟试验研究了杀灭菊酯对土壤过氧化氢酶活性和酶促反应特征参数的影响,并采用分子荧光光谱法研究了杀灭菊酯对离体过氧化氢酶构象的影响.结果表明,1)随着培养时间的延长,杀灭菊酯对土壤过氧化氢酶和离体过氧化氢酶活性的影响均表现为抑制→激活→恢复,与土壤过氧化氢酶相比,离体过氧化氢酶的抑制最低点发生前移;2)24h培养时间下,土壤过氧化氢酶抑制率与杀灭菊酯浓度呈显著正相关;3)24h培养时间下,随杀灭菊酯浓度的增加,酶促反应米氏常数Km逐渐增大,过氧化氢酶活性、酶促反应最大反应速率Vmax、Vmax/Km均逐渐减小,且各参数与杀灭菊酯浓度均显著相关,表明过氧化氢酶酶促反应特征参数可以表征杀灭菊酯对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响程度,其作用机理为混合型抑制;4)分子荧光光谱结果表明,随着杀灭菊酯浓度的增加,离体过氧化氢酶在352nm波长处的相对荧光强度不断增强,其分子构象发生了变化,分子渐趋疏松.     

废塑料资源化产品对土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的影响(Effect of Waste Plastics Recycling Products on Activities of Soil Catalase and Urease)

为探讨废塑料资源化产品对土壤酶活性的影响,通过室内培养试验研究了废塑料资源化产品暴露后土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的变化.结果表明:废塑料资源化产品对土壤酶活性具有显著影响.250mg·kg-1、1250mg·kg-1、7250mg·kg-1废塑料资源化产品浓度处理对土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶影响明显不同.在土壤培养l～5d内,添加废塑料资源化产品的3个浓度处理土壤中过氧化氢酶活性显著低于对照(p<0.05),表现出明显的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越强.而后(5～35d),低浓度(250mg·kg-1)废塑料资源化产品对土壤过氧化氢酶一直表现为激活作用,但是,高浓度(1250mg·kg-1和7250mg·kg-1)处理对土壤过氧化氢酶活性则表现为激活-抑制-激活作用,且抑制、激活程度与处理浓度成呈相关.3个废塑料资源化产品浓度处理对脲酶活性影响在培养1～28d内主要是激活作用,且激活作用随着处理浓度的增大而增强,而后(28～35d)对脲酶活性表现为抑制作用.