催化分解臭氧的方法及催化剂性能概述

臭氧作为一种有毒物质广泛存在于人们生活环境中,当其浓度超过0.06mg/m^3时,对人体就有害了。因此对臭氧的分解十分必要。本文介绍了多种分解臭氧的方法,并着重介绍 催化分解法。对各种氧分解催化剂的组成、制备方法及活性作一综述。     

催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

以非贵金属Cu、Fe、Mn和Ce为主要活性成分和TiO2、-γA l2O3为载体,制备了10种用于催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的催化剂。考察了载体、焙烧温度、成分配比对催化剂催化活性与稳定性的影响,研究了氧气分压、催化剂投加量、反应温度和反应时间对催化湿式氧化过程的影响规律。结果表明:(1)Fe-Mn/-γA l2O3(3∶1∶1)催化剂是催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的可选催化剂;(2)适宜的氧气供应量为理论需氧量的3.4~4.6倍,催化剂的投加量以10 g/L为佳;在300℃下反应30 m in或在280℃下反应60 m in,处理水可达到污水综合排放标准GB9878-1996的三级标准。     

催化铁内电解法处理硝基苯废水的机理与动力学研究

对催化铁内电解法处理硝基苯废水降解动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明,降解过程符合准一级动力学规律。进水浓度、pH值和反应温度强烈影响硝基苯的降解速率。在实验pH值范围内,反应速率常数依次为:强酸性>弱碱性>弱酸性>中性;循环伏安扫描图显示了硝基苯可以在铜电极上直接得电子还原,该反应在强酸和弱碱性条件下效果较好。反应速率常数随进水浓度的增大而减小。提高反应温度可改善处理效果,在30~45℃范围内,提高温度对处理效果的改善并不显著;当温度升高到45℃以上时,升温可以显著改善处理效果。     

A novel biosorbent: characterization of the spent mushroom compost and its application for removal of heavy metals

The spent mushroom compost of Lentinus edodes was used as a biosorbent for adsorbing cadmium, lead and chromium from solutions under batch conditions for the first time. Titration of the biomass revealed that it contained at least three types of functional groups. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that the carboxyl, phosphoryl, phenolic groups were the main groups. The simulated values of pK, and molar quantity were 5.00 and 0.44 mmol/g, 7.32 and 1.38 mmol/g, 10.45 and 1.44 mmol/g, respectively. The biosorption ability increased with pH in acid condition. When 10 mg/L biomass dosage was added in, there was no significant increment of metal uptake. The maximum uptake estimated with the Langmiur isotherm model were 833.33 mg/g for Cd（ Ⅱ ）, 1000.00 mg/g for Pb（ Ⅱ ） and 44.44 mg/g for Cr（ Ⅲ ）, respectively. All the results showed that vast potential sorption capacity was existed in the biomass for adsorbing these three kinds of metals studied.     

Pd/CZ/Al2O3催化剂的制备、表征与三效催化性能

以共浸渍法制得的氧化铝负载铈锆固溶体为载体,并浸渍贵金属Pd得到了Pd/CZ/Al2O3催化剂.实验结果表明,该催化剂在老化前后都表现出良好的三效催化活性,新鲜样品Pd/CZ/Al2O3活性与Pd/CZ相当,老化后样品前者优于后者.结合XRD,BET,TPR等表征手段,讨论了Pd/CZ/Al2O3的催化活性特别是高温老化后活性与其组成结构之间的内在关系,揭示了其老化后仍具有较高活性的主要原因在于保持了Pd与CZ/Al2O3复合载体之间的强相互作用(SMSI).     

去矿物前后碱萃取腐殖酸的化学组成与结构特征

本文采用改进的化学分离方法对Pahokee泥炭和稻田土壤中的腐殖酸进行了分离,得到了两类腐殖酸:去矿物前腐殖酸(HA-I)和去矿物后腐殖酸(HA-II),其中HA-II为前人未所顾及。然后采用元素分析、固体13C核磁共振、热解-色谱-质谱等技术对HA-I和HA-II的化学组成和结构进行了分析。结果显示HA-II在总腐殖酸中占有的比例分别是11.8%(泥炭)和37.1%(土壤)。HA-I和HA-II在化学组成和性质结构上有明显的差异,O/C原子比都表现为HA-IIH/CSSHA-I,表明从HA-I到HA-II,Pahokee泥炭和稻田土壤腐殖酸中的含氧基团都减少,Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸则脂族基团减少,而稻田土壤腐殖酸的脂族基团增加。这种HA-I和HA-II在结构性质上的变化在13C NMR和热解分析时也都得到了验证。另外热解分析还表明HA-I含有更多的易分解的结构组分,而HA-II则含有更多的难分解的结构组分。这些研究都说明HA-II与HA-I相比,在组成和结构特征上存在一些差异,含有更多的难分解的结构单元。本项研究结果对于理解土壤沉积物体系中腐殖酸的化学特征和地球化学过程与行为具有重要意义。     

An assessment of how distance and diesel oxidation catalyst will impact thermal decomposition behaviors of particles

Decomposition mass loss and pyrolysis products analyses of particles sampled at various locations along the tailpipe of a Euro-IV diesel engine were performed using a thermogravimetry in conjunction with Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry-mass spectrum. Diesel particles were collected at the same location with and without diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) mounted on the test engine separately. The three poles in thermal gravity-differential thermal gravity images suggested that the decomposition process of diesel particles could be divided into three stages which correspond to the decompositions of lower boiling substances, higher boiling substances and soot respectively. It is noticed that no matter whether DOC was mounted or not, the further the particles were sampled away from the engine block, the lower the peak temperatures and the heavier the mass losses within the first two stages, which indicated that the soluble organic fraction in the particle samples increased and therefore lowering the activation energy of thermal decomposition. Hydroxyl, ammonia, C_xH_y fragments, benzene, toluene, and phenol were found to be the primary products of particle decomposition, which didn't change with the location of particle sample point. The employment of DOC increased the activation energy for particle oxidation and resulted in a higher peak temperature and lower mass loss within the first-stage. Moreover, the CO stretching bands of aldehyde and ketone at 1771 cm^?1 was only detected without a DOC, while the NO₂ peak at 1634 cm^?1 was solely noticed with the presence of DOC. Compared to the first-stage pyrolysis products, more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and less C_xH_y fragments were seen in the second-stage.     

镍铜氧化物对吐氏酸废水臭氧氧化的催化作用

染料中间体废水等难生物降解废水是目前水处理研究的焦点。用浸渍法和附着沉淀法制备了以γ-Al₂O₃为载体的负载型镍、铜氧化物催化剂,并以催化吐氏酸废水的臭氧氧化。研究结果表明,镍、铜单组分和双组分氧化物催化剂能不同程度地提高臭氧的利用效率,其中附着沉淀法制备的Ni-Cu-Urea-1催化剂活性最高,当臭氧投加量为0.82g/L时,其臭氧化指数为1.1;助剂钾对催化剂活性的影响与制备方法有关,当用浸渍法制备时,助剂钾能提高催化剂活性,而附着沉淀法时则不利。     

Photocatalytic degradation of dye effluent by titanium dioxide pillar pellets in aqueous solution

Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) process is an effective way to deal with organic pollutants in wastewater which could be difficult to be degraded by conventional biological treatment methods. Normally the TiO2 powder in nanometre size range was directly used as photocatalyst for dye degradation in wastewater. However the titanium dioxide powder was arduous to be recovered from the solution after treatment. In this application, a new form of TiO2(i. e. pillar pellets ranging from 2.5 to 5.3 mm long and with a diameter of 3.7 mm) was used and investigated for photocatalytic degradation of textile dye effluent. A test system was built with a flat plate reactor(FPR) and UV light source(blacklight and solar simulator as light source respectively) for investigating the effectiveness of the new form of TiO2. It was found that the photocatalytic process under this configuration could efficiently remove colours from textile dyeing effluent. Comparing with the TiO2 powder, the pellet was very easy to recovered from the treated solution and can be reused in multiple times without the significant change on the photocatalytic property. The results also showed that to achieve the same photocatalytic performance, the FPR area by pellets was about 91% smaller than required by TiO2 powder. At least TiO2 pellet could be used as an alternative form of photocatalyst in applications for textile effluent treatment process, also other wastewater treatment processes.     

负载型燃烧催化剂La_(0.8)Ce_(0.2)CoO_3/Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2制备及性能研究

以复合氧化物La0.8Ce0.2CoO3为活性组分,Ce0.8Zr0.2O2固溶体为载体,采用柠檬酸络合法制备出负载型燃烧催化剂La0.8Ce0.2CoO3/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2。用XRD、BET和SEM对其进行表征,考察了焙烧温度、反应时间、反应温度及H2S存在对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,载体表面形成了均一的钙钛矿相;该负载型催化剂对二甲苯完全氧化反应具有较高的催化活性,有良好的热稳定性、操作稳定性和强的抗H2S毒化能力。这可能是载体与负载组分之间密切的协同作用所导致。