碱性闪石12种阳离子占位度的X射线衍射测定

对所收集的４７个碱性闪石结构数据计算出理论Ｘ射线粉末图，同时实测出５个碱 性闪石样品的粉末图及其晶体化学占位，从这５２个样品的Ｘ射线衍射圈中选出１８条特征衍射 强度，将强度比值与各晶位各阳离子占位用多元统计分析统计出经验公式，以之作为估算未知 样品各阳离子占位的线性模型。回代实践表明，本线性模型具有较钙质闪石更高的可靠性与精 确度。预测５个实测样品的晶体化学类型与原定名对比完全符合，准确度达１００％。按国际分 类表纠正个别样品原定名的错误。在１２种阳离子占位中，估算的准确度有８种大于９０％，３种 近于９０％！唯有Ｔ位Ｓｉ的准确度仅６６％，这可能是因为所选样品中Ｔ位基本上为Ｓｉ占位，其 占位数均超过 ７．５，占位度均大于 ０.９，总变化幅度小从而降低其相关性。因 ５２个样品中，也包 含钠钙闪石亚族，故对整个闪石族用Ｘ射线衍射估算阳离子占位的问题已基本解决。     

有机膨润土吸附水中苯酚的动力学

比较两种有机膨润土对水体中苯酚吸附的动力学行为，可见双十八烷基二甲基氯化铵改性膨润土(Bt/DHAC)的吸附活化能E较小，这使得吸附速率常数k1和平衡吸附量Г^e较大，达平衡时间t^e较小，说明利用Bt／DHAC更有利于对水体中苯酚的吸附，随着温度升高，单十八烷基三甲基氯化铵改性膨润土(Bt/SHAC)对苯酚的吸附动力学行为得到改善。     

阳离子强度和阳离子类型对诺氟沙星土壤吸附的影响

以OECD Guideline 106为基础,采用批平衡方法研究不同Ca²⁺离子强度（0.01、0.03、0.05、0.08和0.10 mol/L的CaCl₂溶液）和不同阳离子（0.01 mol/L的NaCl、KCl、NH₄Cl、MgCl₂、CaCl₂、ZnCl₂和AlCl₃溶液）对诺氟沙星在4种土壤（潮土、黄棕壤、水稻土和红壤）中的吸附-解吸影响.结果表明,随着溶液中Ca²⁺离子浓度的增加,诺氟沙星在土壤中的吸附参数K_f值逐渐减小并趋于稳定,两者间存在显著负相关（p≤0.05）.同时,Ca²⁺离子浓度的增加对低浓度诺氟沙星溶液的吸附影响相对高浓度而言不明显. 低pH下,诺氟沙星主要以阳离子形态存在,吸附以阳离子吸附或氢键为主;在兼性离子状态时,则主要以静电吸附和偶极力为主.这是造成4种土壤中诺氟沙星吸附差异的根本原因.在不同离子强度下,土壤溶液中二价Ca²⁺离子存在则对诺氟沙星的活性吸附位点造成竞争性吸附,从而降低诺氟沙星的土壤吸附量.同时,不同阳离子导致诺氟沙星的土壤吸附存在差异.其影响趋势主要为价态的影响,即价态越高,竞争吸附能力越强：M⁺（Na⁺、K⁺、NH^＋₄）2+（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Zn²⁺）3+（Al³⁺）.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.     

阳离子交换树脂微柱分离测定矿石中锆的研究

建立了HD-8阳离子交换树脂微色谱柱分离富集矿石中锆的方法。研究了上柱酸度、淋洗液、洗脱液、干扰离子等对锆的吸附性能的影响。结果表明,上柱最佳酸度0.5~2 mol/L HCl、淋洗液1 mol/L HCl、洗脱液1 mol/L H2SO4,锆的吸附与洗脱效果最好。选用邻氯苯基荧光酮为显色剂,直接在硫酸介质中显色,胶束增溶光度法测定,操作简便,灵敏度高,选择性好。树脂的吸附容量为81.4 mg/g。与常规柱相比,微色谱柱吸附后,洗脱体积减少了16倍,柱效高,分离速度快,试剂用量少,灵敏度高。该方法可以用于实际矿石的分离测定,经标准值验证,测定值与标准值相近,多次平行测定后,方法的相对标准偏差为1.9%~2.7%,说明此法可用于分析实际样品。     

有机膨润土层间硅氧烷表面对亲水性芳香胺的吸附

用3种吡啶阳离子(氯化吡啶、溴化丁基吡啶、溴化十四烷基吡啶)改性制备高、低电荷的有机膨润土,研究其吸附亲水性芳香胺(苯胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺)的性能,并通过有机碳含量分析、粉末X射线衍射、N2-BET等手段表征了有机膨润土的结构,试图揭示有机膨润土层间硅氧烷表面的暴露程度与吸附性能之间的关系.结果表明,通过减少层间电荷和用较小分子尺寸的吡啶阳离子改性,能在膨润土层间暴露较大面积的硅氧烷表面,从而增强对亲水性有机物的吸附.如在六种吡啶盐改性的有机膨润土中,用最小分子尺寸的吡啶阳离子(氯化吡啶)改性的低电荷膨润土(L-HP)具有较大的内比表面积(145 m2·g-1)和孔容(0.082 mL·g-1),显示出较强的吸附性能,对水中20 mg·L-1的N,N-二甲基苯胺和苯胺的去除效率分别为85.6%和52.8%.研究结果为进一步开发新型高效有机膨润土吸附材料提供理论依据.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取动力学模型

为研究活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)提取过程中各参数间的基本关系及优化EPS提取过程,建立了EPS提取过程中浓度随时间变化的动力学模型,并通过前人研究数据和本次试验数据对模型进行验证.结果表明,模型对一些经典文献中的数据拟合效果较好,拟合系数(R2)均大于0.94.对MLSS为(1064.47±298.70)mg/L,MLVSS为(822±147)mg/L的活性污泥进行EPS提取, TOC和蛋白质的拟合效果较好,但多糖和DNA的拟合效果不理想.该模型可以大致估算试验中EPS的最大提取量及任一时间的EPS产量.     

离子色谱法测定环境地表水中碱金属试验

环境水样中Na^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋离子的监测方法,目前主要使用原子吸收法。本次试验选用离子色谱法测定环境水样中Na^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋离子,与原子吸收法做一比较。通过试验分析结果看,该方法样品的浓度和响应值间的线性较好,混合环境标准样的平行双样Na、K、Mg、Ca的各相对标准偏差（RSD）值均符合质量控制标准;各个样品加标回收率最高为104.4%、最低为96.0%均在控制范围之内;与原子吸收法方法测定结果比较,两种方法测定结果没有显著性差异,表明该方法精密度高、准确性好;操作简便,尤其适用于大批样品多项目的测定。     

Defluoridation of drinking water using Al3+-modified bentonite clay: optimization of fluoride adsorption conditions

Al³⁺-bentonite clay (Alum-bent) was prepared by ion exchange of base cations on the matrices of bentonite clay. Intercalation of bentonite clay with Al³⁺ was performed in batch experiments. Parameters optimized include time, dosage, and Al³⁺ concentration. Physicochemical characterization of raw and modified bentonite clay was done by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry attached to scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, cation exchange capacity (CEC) by ammonium acetate method, and pH_pzc by solid addition method. Chemical constituents of water were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), ion selective electrode (Crison 6955 Fluoride selective electrode) and a Crison multimeter probe. For fluoride removal, the effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration, and pH were evaluated in batch procedures. The adsorption capacity of fluoride by modified bentonite clay was observed to be 5.7 mg g^?1 at (26 ± 2) °C room temperature. Maximum adsorption of fluoride was optimum at 30 min, 1 g of dosage, 60 mg L^?1 of adsorbate concentration, pH 2–12, and 1:100 solid/liquid (S/L) ratios. Kinetic studies revealed that fluoride adsorption fitted well to pseudo-second-order model than pseudo first order. Adsorption data fitted well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, hence, confirming monolayer and multilayer adsorption. Alum-bent showed good stability in removing fluoride from ground water to below the prescribed limit as stipulated by World Health Organization. As such, it can be concluded that Alum-bent is a potential defluoridation adsorbent which can be applied in fabrication of point of use devices for defluoridation of fluoride-rich water in rural areas of South Africa and other developing countries. Based on that, this comparative study proves that Alum-bent is a promising adsorbent with a high adsorption capacity for fluoride and can be a substitute for conventional defluoridation methods.