赤泥中氟的赋存状态

采用连续化学提取方法对赤泥中各形态的氟进行了提取,并对不同形态氟的迁移规律进行了研究.结果显示.从赤泥中可提取出五种形态的氟,即水溶态氟、可交换态氟、铁锰结合态氟、有机束缚态氟及残余态氟,其中残余态氟所占的比例最大,含量在60%～90%之间,然后依次是水溶态氟、可交换态氟、铁锰结合态氟、有机束缚态氟;赤泥的可给态氟化物(水溶态氟和可交换态氟)输出能力较强,对地下水影响较大,随着堆积时间的延长,赤泥的总氟含量有所降低,但可给态氟化物输出能力非但不减反而增强,赤泥堆放场对地下水的影响主要取决于赤泥中水溶态氟和可交换态氟含量的高低.     

RD复合净水剂对阳离子染料RL的吸附脱色

考察了RD复合净水剂吸附处理阳离子艳兰染料RL废液的实验条件,探讨了RD吸附脱色的实质。结果表明,加入0.3gRD到浓度为200mg/L的染液中,在25℃、pH=7.0条件下,吸附时间为10m in时,废液的脱色率达到80%,RD单位质量吸附量为10.7mg/g;当50mg/L的染料废液中,RD的投加量为0.2g时,脱色率达到了96%以上,RD单位质量吸附量为8.12mg/g;pH值和温度对吸附脱色效果影响不显著,而且RL废液的浓度增大,RD单位质量吸附量增大,但是脱色率有所下降。RD对染料的吸附符合Langmu ir吸附模型。     

阳离子聚电解质强化絮凝去除活性染料的研究

选用三种活性染料分别配成模拟染料废水,用阳离子聚电解质(PDADMAC)强化絮凝去除活性染料.结果表明,PDADMAC去除活性染料的机理为聚电解质络合絮凝.PDADMAC的阳离子度高,分子量低,疏水性大,脱色去除效果较好.而且,活性染料的脱色去除率随活性染料色度的深浅而不同,表现为活性黑K-BG＞活性艳红K-2BP＞活性嫩黄K-6G.     

阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺投加量对絮体性状特征的影响

应用激光粒度仪、影像分析及沉降分析技术研究了阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对混凝过程絮体的粒度、强度及分形维数等微观特性及絮体沉降速率的影响.结果表明,絮体的粒度、强度及分形维数等微观特性与阳离子型PAM的投加量有关,存在一个PAM的最佳投加剂量.在此最佳投加剂量下,系统内絮体的粒度与强度最大、分形维数最小、絮体沉降速率最大.     

阳离子聚电解质聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵的絮凝机理初探

以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵PDADMAC(特性粘度分别为2.7,1.4,0.7)为絮凝剂,对比PAC和PFC,通过残余浊度、Zeta电位、FI絮凝指数的测定,研究了PDADMAC对高岭土悬浊体系(浊度分别为6000,1000,200和10 NTU)的絮凝特性,并对其絮凝作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,PDADMAC的吸附构型决定其絮凝机理在较低初始悬浊物浓度下(200 NTU)为单个颗粒物表面吸附覆盖及其"吸附电中和"絮凝模型;在高浊条件下(＞1000 NTU)为单颗粒表面(Monomer)部分吸附覆盖及其"吸附架桥"絮凝模型.     

MULTITEMPORAL SCALE HYDROGRAPH PREDICTION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS1

Abstract: An artificial neural network (ANN) provides a mathematically flexible structure to identify complex nonlinear relationship between inputs and outputs. A multilayer perceptron ANN technique with an error back propagation algorithm was applied to a multitime-scale prediction of the stage of a hydro-logically closed lake, Devils Lake (DL), and discharge of the Red River of the North at Grand Forks station (RR-GF) in North Dakota. The modeling exercise used 1 year (2002), 5 years (1998–2002), and 27 years (1975–2002) of data for the daily, weekly, and monthly predictions, respectively. The hydrometeorological data (precipitations P_(t), P_(t-1), P_(t-2), P_(t-3), antecedent runoff/lake stage R_(t-1) and air temperature T_(t) were partitioned for training and for testing to predict the current hydro-graph at the selected DL and RR-GF stations. Performance of ANN was evaluated using three combinations of daily datasets (Input I = P_(t)), P_(t-l), P_(t-2), P_(t-3), T_(t) and R_(t-l); Input II = Input-l less P_(t) P_(t-l), P_(t-2), P_(t-3); and Input III = Input-II less T_(t)). Comparison of the model output using Input I data with the observed values showed average testing prediction efficiency (E) of 86 percent for DL basin and 46 percent for RR-GF basin, and higher efficiency for the daily than monthly simulations.     

用铁酸盐型磁性吸附剂去除偶氮染料酸性红B

通过对几种磁性铁酸盐型吸附剂Mfe₂O₄(M=Fe,Mn,Cu)的表面特性及去除染料酸性红B(ARB)的吸附性能与催化氧化再生性能的研究,证明该类吸附剂能够有效地吸附去除水中的酸性红B,经磁分离,用H₂O₂/Fe²⁺体系可以同时氧化有机物与再生吸附剂,吸附剂可以循环使用.pH值对吸附能力有很大影响,对于MnFe₂O₄和Fe₃O₄,发生最大吸附的pH值范围在3.5～3.8,而对于CuFe₂O₄ pH值则在4.5～4.8时有最大吸附能力.CuFe₂O₄的吸附容量最大,MnFe₂O₄次之,FeO₄最小;3种吸附剂的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir吸附模型.在发生吸附的pH值范围内,吸附剂吸附染料后其Zeta电位比吸附前均有明显降低.再生实验表明,3种吸附剂再生后,其比表面积明显增大,表面元素组成发生很大变化,其吸附能力也明显提高.     

Rates of Movement of Threatened Bird Species between IUCN Red List Categories and toward Extinction

Abstract:  In recent centuries bird species have been deteriorating in status and becoming extinct at a rate that may be 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than in prehuman times. We examined extinction rates of bird species designated critically endangered in 1994 and the rate at which species have moved through the IUCN (World Conservation Union) Red List categories of extinction risk globally for the period 1988–2004 and regionally in Australia from 1750 to 2000. For Australia we drew on historical accounts of the extent and condition of species habitats, spread of invasive species, and changes in sighting frequencies. These data sets permitted comparison of observed rates of movement through the IUCN Red List categories with novel predictions based on the IUCN Red List criterion E, which relates to explicit extinction probabilities determined, for example, by population viability analysis. The comparison also tested whether species listed on the basis of other criteria face a similar probability of moving to a higher threat category as those listed under criterion E. For the rate at which species moved from vulnerable to endangered, there was a good match between observations and predictions, both worldwide and in Australia. Nevertheless, species have become extinct at a rate that, although historically high, is 2 (Australia) to 10 (globally) times lower than predicted. Although the extinction probability associated with the critically endangered category may be too high, the shortfall in realized extinctions can also be attributed to the beneficial impact of conservation intervention. These efforts may have reduced the number of global extinctions from 19 to 3 and substantially slowed the extinction trajectory of 33 additional critically endangered species. Our results suggest that current conservation action benefits species on the brink of extinction, but is less targeted at or has less effect on moderately threatened species.     

交联阳离子淀粉的合成及其对重金属离子的吸附

通过正交实验合成了取代度为0．568的交联阳离子淀粉。考察了溶液pH、螯合剂用量、重金属离子初始浓度对交联阳离子淀粉去除重金属离子效果的影响。当重金属离子初始质量浓度为50mg／L、螯合剂投加量为0．5g／U时,Pb^2 ,Cu^2 ,Cr^3 在溶液pH为6时的去除率达到最高,分别为97．94％,99．46％,84．30％,而Cd^ 在溶液pH为7时的去除率达到最高,为99．36％。实验结果表明,交联阳离子淀粉是一种有效去除废水中重金属的处理剂。     

染料脱色菌的筛选及对活性艳红X-3B的脱色研究

从广州某印染厂生化处理池的活性污泥中筛选到三株对活性艳红X-3B具有高效脱色作用的真菌,其中菌株HMX-3的脱色能力最强。考察了培养时间、温度、培养方式、pH值以及染料浓度对HMX-3脱色能力的影响。结果表明,菌株HMX-3对150mg/L X-3B的24h脱色率达65.8%,经60h可使其完全脱色;HMX-3对活性艳红X-3B脱色的最适温度为25℃~35℃,最佳pH值为6~8,且振荡培养较静置培养条件下的脱色率高;随染料浓度的增加,脱色率降低,但对于400mg/L的X-3B在72h时的脱色率可达86.7%。