An agent-based model of red colobus resources and disease dynamics implicates key resource sites as hot spots of disease transmission

The effect of anthropogenic landscape change on disease in wildlife populations represents a growing conservation and public health concern. Red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus), an endangered primate species, are particularly susceptible to habitat alteration and have been the focus of a great deal of disease and ecological research as a result. To infer how landscape changes can affect host and parasite dynamics, a spatially explicit agent-based model is created to simulate movement and foraging of this primate, based on a resource landscape estimated from extensive plot-derived tree population data from Kibale National Park, Uganda. Changes to this resource landscape are used to simulate effects of anthropogenic forest change. With each change in the landscape, disease outcomes within the simulated red colobus population are monitored using a hypothetical microparasite with a directly transmitted life cycle. The model predicts an optimal distribution of resources which facilitates the spread of an infectious agent through the simulated population. The density of resource rich sites and the overall heterogeneity of the landscape are important factors contributing to this spread. The characteristics of this optimal distribution are similar to those of logged sections of forest adjacent to our study area.     

Evidence-based guidelines for automated conservation assessments of plant species

Assessing species’ extinction risk is vital to setting conservation priorities. However, assessment endeavors, such as those used to produce the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, have significant gaps in taxonomic coverage. Automated assessment (AA) methods are gaining popularity to fill these gaps. Choices made in developing, using, and reporting results of AA methods could hinder their successful adoption or lead to poor allocation of conservation resources. We explored how choice of data cleaning type and level, taxonomic group, training sample, and automation method affect performance of threat status predictions for plant species. We used occurrences from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to generate assessments for species in 3 taxonomic groups based on 6 different occurrence-based AA methods. We measured each method's performance and coverage following increasingly stringent occurrence cleaning. Automatically cleaned data from GBIF performed comparably to occurrence records cleaned manually by experts. However, all types of data cleaning limited the coverage of AAs. Overall, machine-learning-based methods performed well across taxa, even with minimal data cleaning. Results suggest a machine-learning-based method applied to minimally cleaned data offers the best compromise between performance and species coverage. However, optimal data cleaning, training sample, and automation methods depend on the study group, intended applications, and expertise.     

大豆膳食纤维改性及其对阳离子染料吸附特性

对大豆膳食纤维进行了羧甲基化改性,并利用红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其结构进行了表征.研究了羧甲基化大豆膳食纤维用量、吸附时间、吸附温度、溶液pH值等因素对其吸附亚甲基蓝、结晶紫和品红效果的影响.结果表明,当吸附温度为25℃、羧甲基化大豆膳食纤维浓度为20 mg/L、溶液pH值为6.8和吸附时间为60 min时,羧甲基化大豆膳食纤维对亚甲基蓝、结晶紫和品红的去除率分别达到96.4％、95.6％和94.7％.另外,此吸附过程较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型.     

Mapping fires and American Red Cross aid using demographic indicators of vulnerability

Social vulnerability indicators can assist with informing disaster relief preparation. Certain demographic segments of a population may suffer disproportionately during disaster events, and a geographical understanding of them can help to determine where to place strategically logistical assets and to target disaster‐awareness outreach endeavours. Records of house fire events and American Red Cross aid provision over a five‐year period were mapped for the County of Los Angeles, California, United States, to examine the congruence between actual events and expectations of risk based on vulnerability theory. The geographical context provided by the data was compared with spatially‐explicit indicators of vulnerability, such as age, race, and wealth. Fire events were found to occur more frequently in more vulnerable areas, and Red Cross aid was found to have an even stronger relationship to those places. The findings suggest that these indicators speak beyond vulnerability and relate to patterns of fire risk.     

Relationship of urinary arsenic metabolites to intake estimates in residents of the Red River Delta, Vietnam

This study investigated the status of arsenic (As) exposure from groundwater and rice, and its methylation capacity in residents from the Red River Delta, Vietnam. Arsenic levels in groundwater ranged from <1.8 to 486 μg/L. Remarkably, 86% of groundwater samples exceeded WHO drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L. Also, estimated inorganic As intake from groundwater and rice were over Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (15 μg/week/kg body wt.) by FAO/WHO for 92% of the residents examined. Inorganic As and its metabolite (monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid) concentrations in human urine were positively correlated with estimated inorganic As intake. These results suggest that residents in these areas are exposed to As through consumption of groundwater and rice, and potential health risk of As is of great concern for these people. Urinary concentration ratios of dimethylarsinic acid to monomethylarsonic acid in children were higher than those in adults, especially among men, indicating greater As methylation capacity in children.     

CPAM调质浓缩污泥脱水的影响因素及其机理研究

污水处理厂剩余污泥的处置是当前业界的热点。研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)调质浓缩污泥脱水的一些影响因素,如药剂投加量、污泥pH值、环境温度、搅拌条件等。同时,还对污泥絮凝脱水机理进行了一定的探讨。研究表明：阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)作为浓缩污泥脱水剂,在优化投加量下、污泥pH值在5.0～7.5、低速搅拌时,有较好的脱水效果。环境温度对污泥的脱水效果也有一定的影响,夏天处理优于冬天处理。     

阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺投加量对絮体性状特征的影响

应用激光粒度仪、影像分析及沉降分析技术研究了阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对混凝过程絮体的粒度、强度及分形维数等微观特性及絮体沉降速率的影响.结果表明,絮体的粒度、强度及分形维数等微观特性与阳离子型PAM的投加量有关,存在一个PAM的最佳投加剂量.在此最佳投加剂量下,系统内絮体的粒度与强度最大、分形维数最小、絮体沉降速率最大.     

阳离子聚电解质聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵的絮凝机理初探

以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵PDADMAC(特性粘度分别为2.7,1.4,0.7)为絮凝剂,对比PAC和PFC,通过残余浊度、Zeta电位、FI絮凝指数的测定,研究了PDADMAC对高岭土悬浊体系(浊度分别为6000,1000,200和10 NTU)的絮凝特性,并对其絮凝作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,PDADMAC的吸附构型决定其絮凝机理在较低初始悬浊物浓度下(200 NTU)为单个颗粒物表面吸附覆盖及其"吸附电中和"絮凝模型;在高浊条件下(＞1000 NTU)为单颗粒表面(Monomer)部分吸附覆盖及其"吸附架桥"絮凝模型.     

试论控制陆源污染防治海洋赤潮

简述了赤潮发生的原因、危害及发生情况,通过对海洋污染状况的分析,论述了从治理陆源污染源入手,削减氮、磷排放量,防治海洋赤潮的途径及措施。     

两性高分子絮凝剂阴、阳离子基团含量对絮凝性能的影响

合成了一系列带不同阴、阳离子基团含量的高分子絮凝剂，详细讨论了阴、阳离子基团含量对硅藻土悬浮体系絮凝性能（透光率、沉降速度、沉降体积）的影响。结果表明：阴、阳离子基团含量并不是越大越好，它们之间有个协同效应，基团含量太大或太小对絮凝作用都不利。