阳离子强度对鼠李糖脂作用下三氯生在底泥-水相中分配的影响

探讨了阳离子强度(Na~+/Ca~(2+))对鼠李糖脂(RL)胶束形态的影响,并据此阐述了阳离子强度对RL作用下三氯生(TCS)在底泥-水相中分配的影响规律.结果表明,阳离子对TCS的表观溶解度和其在底泥-水中的分配无明显作用,但能通过与RL分子间产生的盐桥作用影响RL的胶束聚集程度及溶液的稳定性,使水相中的RL浓度发生变化,进而导致RL作用下TCS的表观溶解度及其在底泥-水相中分配的差异.随着阳离子强度的增加,RL胶束粒径在Na~+溶液中先减小后增大,而在Ca~(2+)溶液中持续减小;RL溶液的zeta电位在Na+/Ca~(2+)溶液中逐渐减小,其溶液的稳定度下降.相比Na~+,Ca~(2+)与RL分子间的盐桥作用更强.低浓度Na~+(50 mmol·L~(-1))可促进RL胶束的形成,提高其对TCS的增溶能力,促进TCS从底泥迁移至水相,提高了TCS在水相的分配比例(K*d值从64.16 L·kg~(-1)降低到40.81 L·kg~(-1)(30 mmol·L~(-1)Na~+));但高浓度Na~+(50 mmol·L~(-1))会因盐析作用降低TCS的表观溶解度,并抑制其在RL作用下向水相的迁移.而Ca~(2+)在很低浓度下(1 mmol·L~(-1))就能与RL分子产生强的盐桥作用而生成紧密的胶束聚集体,致使RL沉淀,大大降低RL对TCS的增溶作用,反而提高TCS在底泥相的分配比例(K*d值从64.16 L·kg~(-1)提高到4987.76 L·kg~(-1)(30 mmol·L~(-1)Ca~(2+))).     

Hidden values in bauxite residue (red mud): Recovery of metals

Bauxite residue (red mud) is a hazardous waste generated from alumina refining industries. Unless managed properly, red mud poses significant risks to the local environment due to its extreme alkalinity and its potential impacts on surface and ground water quality. The ever-increasing generation of red mud poses significant challenges to the aluminium industries from management perspectives given the low proportion that are currently being utilized beneficially. Red mud, in most cases, contains elevated concentrations of iron in addition to aluminium, titanium, sodium and valuable rare earth elements. Given the scarcity of iron supply globally, the iron content of red mud has attracted increasing research interest. This paper presents a critical overview of the current techniques employed for iron recovery from red mud. Information on the recovery of other valuable metals is also reviewed to provide an insight into the full potential usage of red mud as an economic resource rather than a waste. Traditional hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy are being investigated continuously. However, in this review several new techniques are introduced that consider the process of iron recovery from red mud. An integrated process which can achieve multiple additional values from red mud is much preferred over the single process methods. The information provided here should help to improve the future management and utilization of red mud.     

Assessing the global zoo response to the amphibian crisis through 20‐year trends in captive collections

Global amphibian declines are one of the biggest challenges currently facing the conservation community, and captive breeding is one way to address this crisis. Using information from the International Species Information System zoo network, we examined trends in global zoo amphibian holdings across species, zoo region, and species geographical region of origin from 1994 to 2014. These trends were compared before and after the 2004 Global Amphibian Assessment to assess whether any changes occurred and whether zoo amphibian conservation effort had increased. The numbers of globally threatened species (GTS) and their proportional representation in global zoo holdings increased and this rate of increase was significantly greater after 2004. North American, European, and Oceanian GTS were best represented in zoos globally, and proportions of Oceanian GTS held increased the most since 2004. South American and Asian GTS had the lowest proportional representation in zoos. At a regional zoo level, European zoos held the lowest proportions of GTS, and this proportion did not increase after 2004. Since 1994, the number of species held in viable populations has increased, and these species are distributed among more institutions. However, as of 2014, zoos held 6.2% of globally threatened amphibians, a much smaller figure than for other vertebrate groups and one that falls considerably short of the number of species for which ex situ management may be desirable. Although the increased effort zoos have put into amphibian conservation over the past 20 years is encouraging, more focus is needed on ex situ conservation priority species. This includes building expertise and capacity in countries that hold them and tracking existing conservation efforts if the evidence‐based approach to amphibian conservation planning at a global level is to be further developed.     

A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions

Abstract: An essential foundation of any science is a standard lexicon. Any given conservation project can be described in terms of the biodiversity targets, direct threats, contributing factors at the project site, and the conservation actions that the project team is employing to change the situation. These common elements can be linked in a causal chain, which represents a theory of change about how the conservation actions are intended to bring about desired project outcomes. If project teams want to describe and share their work and learn from one another, they need a standard and precise lexicon to specifically describe each node along this chain. To date, there have been several independent efforts to develop standard classifications for the direct threats that affect biodiversity and the conservation actions required to counteract these threats. Recognizing that it is far more effective to have only one accepted global scheme, we merged these separate efforts into unified classifications of threats and actions, which we present here. Each classification is a hierarchical listing of terms and associated definitions. The classifications are comprehensive and exclusive at the upper levels of the hierarchy, expandable at the lower levels, and simple, consistent, and scalable at all levels. We tested these classifications by applying them post hoc to 1191 threatened bird species and 737 conservation projects. Almost all threats and actions could be assigned to the new classification systems, save for some cases lacking detailed information. Furthermore, the new classification systems provided an improved way of analyzing and comparing information across projects when compared with earlier systems. We believe that widespread adoption of these classifications will help practitioners more systematically identify threats and appropriate actions, managers to more efficiently set priorities and allocate resources, and most important, facilitate cross‐project learning and the development of a systematic science of conservation.     

不同结构阳离子染料好氧生物脱色性能的研究

采用好氧驯化活性污泥对5种不同结构阳离子染料的生物脱色效果进行了动态观察,并在不同醋酸浓度下对脱色效果的影响进行了研究,结果表明,在好氧条件下,活性污泥对阳离子染料的脱色率较高,阳离子红GTL和阳离子艳蓝2RL(浓度为2 0mg L)的脱色率分别达93%和98% ;提高污泥浓度对染料脱色率的影响不明显;醋酸(2 0 0～12 0 0mg L)和染料(2 0～10 0mg L)浓度的改变对阳离子红2GL、阳离子红GTL、阳离子艳蓝2RL、碱性绿染料的脱色率影响不大,揭示这几种结构阳离子染料的生物脱色是吸附和后续生物降解共同作用的结果;而随醋酸浓度增加,阳离子红6B的脱色率增加,是与醋酸产生共代谢作用的结果。     

阳离子絮凝剂P(AM-DMC)的合成及其对活性染料废水的絮凝脱色

以K2S2O8-脲为引发剂,通过自由基聚合法合成了丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵P（AM—DMC）絮凝剂,并研究了其对4种活性染料模拟废水的脱色效果,考察了P（AM—DMC）加入量、阳离子度、特性粘数、染料溶液pH等因素对脱色效果的影响。实验结果表明：最佳P（AM—DMC）加入量随染料分子中磺酸基数目的增加而增加,随絮凝剂阳离子度的增大而减少;阳离子度大于52％时,最高脱色率基本相同;特性粘数对脱色效果影响很小;在染料溶液为弱酸性及中性条件下,P（AM—DMC）的脱色效果较好。P（AM—DMC）对活性染料废水的脱色机理是,P（AM—DMC）中的-N^＋（CH3）3与染料分子中的-SO3^-结合,生成-N^＋（CH3）3SO3^-,同时也形成了分子间氢键,通过键合作用使染料分子聚集沉降。     

浙江近岸海域有害赤潮发生区麻痹性贝毒素研究

用小白鼠生物检测法和高效液相色谱法对采自浙江舟山海域和浙江中南部海域的麻痹性贝毒素进行了调查分析。结果表明,浙江舟山海域六横岛的西格织纹螺含有贝毒,其毒素为3,7Mu／g,舟山海域有毒贝类检出率为3．1％;浙江中南部海域南麂列岛的棒锥螺含有贝毒,其毒素〈1.7Mu／g,浙江中、南部海域有毒贝类检出率为9．1％。     

Consistent Ecological Selectivity through Time in Pacific Island Avian Extinctions

Abstract: Understanding the ecological mechanisms that lead to extinction is a central goal of conservation. Can understanding ancient avian extinctions help to predict extinction risk in modern birds? I used classification trees trained on both paleoecological and historical data from islands across the Pacific to determine the ecological traits associated with extinction risk. Intrinsic traits, including endemism, large body size, and certain feeding guilds, were tightly linked with avian extinction over the past 3500 years. Species ecology and phylogeny were better predictors of extinction risk through time than extrinsic or abiotic factors. Although human impacts on birds and their habitats have changed over time, modern endangered birds share many of the same ecological characteristics as victims of previous extinction waves. My use of detailed predictions of extinction risk to identify species potentially in need of conservation attention demonstrates the utility of paleoecological knowledge for modern conservation biology.     

Population Viability Analysis with Species Occurrence Data from Museum Collections

Abstract: The most comprehensive data on many species come from scientific collections. Thus, we developed a method of population viability analysis (PVA) in which this type of occurrence data can be used. In contrast to classical PVA, our approach accounts for the inherent observation error in occurrence data and allows the estimation of the population parameters needed for viability analysis. We tested the sensitivity of the approach to spatial resolution of the data, length of the time series, sampling effort, and detection probability with simulated data and conducted PVAs for common, rare, and threatened species. We compared the results of these PVAs with results of standard method PVAs in which observation error is ignored. Our method provided realistic estimates of population growth terms and quasi‐extinction risk in cases in which the standard method without observation error could not. For low values of any of the sampling variables we tested, precision decreased, and in some cases biased estimates resulted. The results of our PVAs with the example species were consistent with information in the literature on these species. Our approach may facilitate PVA for a wide range of species of conservation concern for which demographic data are lacking but occurrence data are readily available.     

桑植红色旅游资源与民族文化整合研究

桑植县是一个民族文化旅游资源独特、红色旅游资源突出和自然景观优美的县域．通过分析桑植县的旅游资源现状，从而构建了桑植县红色旅游资源与民族文化整合的模式，并提出了相应的市场整合策略．参7．