Estimation of the Thermal Sensitivity of a Dwelling to Variations in Architectural and Behavioural Parameters

The provision of energy for households is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the domestic sector. There is significant scope for energy savings and thus emission reduction in this sector. This paper constructs a bridge between thermal analysis and environmental assessment in the occupancy stage of the dwelling life cycle, approaching both methods as being on a common system Environment–Dwelling–Inhabitant. The importance of the local level in the thermal analysis and assessment of either a dwelling or an inhabitant's behaviour is demonstrated. It is shown that the researcher can choose between natural experiment, computer experiment and mathematical modelling to analyze the system. Such a choice is discussed for two particular methods of thermal analysis. Thermal Nomograms are the result of mathematical modelling, and the Energy Score Sheet is the result of a computer experiment in energy rating. Despite being developed for the purpose of thermal analysis, these methods can also be utilized for environmental assessment at the local level. The discussion centres on Australian conditions where the majority of the population resides in a relatively benign climate wherein behavioural alterations have significant potential for energy savings and environmental impact. The purpose of the paper is to emphasise benefits apart from energy minimisation to promote the use of energy efficient housing strategies.     

乌鲁木齐市与北方四城市的空气污染对比及原因分析

根据乌鲁木齐、兰州、太原、石家庄和北京五大北方城市的空气污染特征，结合各城市人口、经济和地理位置等要素，分析了乌鲁木齐市与其它城市空气污染及成因的主要异同点，对目前乌鲁木齐市大气污染治理中的若干问题进行了探讨。     

基于网格空间数据的晋陕蒙接壤区生态环境综合评价

晋陕蒙接壤区是典型的生态过渡带、生态脆弱带。文章在调查研究的基础上 ,选取了 1 3个评价指标 ,应用层次分析法确定其权重 ,并将各个因子分级标准化和定量赋值 ,再用加权求和法得到每个评价单元的环境质量综合评价指数。根据环境综合评价指数将环境质量分为较好 (≥ 8)、一般 (≥ 6～ <8)、较差 (≥ 4～ <6)、恶劣 (<4) 4级。结果表明 :晋陕蒙接壤区的环境质量大多处于较差等级 ,较好、一般、较差、恶劣等级的面积比例分别为 2 .2 % ,2 8% ,5 7.4%和1 2 .4%     

Effect of temperature on single and competitive adsorptions of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto natural clays

This study conducted a combined adsorption-sequential extractionanalysis (CASA), by which five phases (i.e., exchangeable, carbonate, Mn-Oxide, organic, and Fe-Oxide phases) of adsorbed heavy metals were analyzed, to investigate temperature effects on single and competitive adsorptions of Zn(II) and Cu(II) ontonatural clays. In the case of single adsorption of Zn, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased from 65 to 40%, but thecarbonate phase adsorption increased from 30 to 40%, with an increase in temperature from 15 to 55 °C. However, in itscompetitive adsorption with Cu, Zn was mostly present in the exchangeable phase (over 90%), and with an increase in temperature, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased only 10%. In the case of Cu, over 50% among the total amount of adsorption was present in the carbonate phase in both cases ofsingle and competitive adsorptions. The carbonate phaseadsorption of Cu increased from 56 to 61% and from 60 to 66% in single and competitive adsorptions, respectively, with atemperature increase. These results show that in the case of Zn,the major mechanism of retention in natural clay soils might beexchangeable phase adsorption, especially in the case of competitive adsorption with Cu. However, in the case of Cu, the major mechanism might be carbonate phase adsorption, which is known to be a more immobile phase than exchangeable phase adsorption. It seems that the adsorption of Zn and Cu onto natural clays is an endothermic reaction, which represents thatthe adsorption equilibrium constants and capacities increase with a temperature increase, with the exception of exchangeablephase adsorption.     

SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND EUTROPHICATION ASSESSMENT FOR CHLOROPHYLL a IN TAIHU LAKE

Spatial structure analysis and kriging analysis have been identified to be useful tools in illustrating the spatial patterns of variables. Taihu Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in China, and has suffered serious eutrophication in recent years due to the rapid economic development and growing environmental pollution in the Taihu Catchment. In this paper, spatial structural analysis, kriging interpolation and eutrophication assessment were carried out for chlorophyll a in the lake. Studies show that spherical model could be applied to fit all experimental variograms. Positive nuggets were observed for three directions except NE–SW direction. The variograms show some anisotropy with anisotropic ratio falling within 1.76. The spatial structural patterns of chlorophyll a in the lake were affected by factors such as distribution of pollution sources, water flow and wind. Two-dimensional ordinary block kriging was applied for interpolation process. An eutrophication assessment map was also made based on a water-quality evaluation standard. Results show that the content of chlorophyll a in Taihu Lake was quite high. The whole lake has suffered serious eutrophication. However, the eutrophic situation varied in space. Higher contents of chlorophyll a appeared mainly in the northern part of the lake.     

提高化学需氧量比色分析精度的研究

CODCr化学分析因其分析速度快、能够反映废水有机污染的程度,在水质监测和废水处理过程中是一种必测和经常测定的指标。测定方法目前有很多种,常用的有滴定法、比色法等。滴定法技术成熟,结果可靠,是我国环境监测标准中规定的测试方法,但是测试过程仍然繁琐、费时、消耗试剂多;比色法测试速度快,方法简单,试剂用量少,但测试的结果有一定的误差。为此,文章针对提高比色法测定CODCr精度进行了研究,并与滴定法进行了同步测试和比较,结果表明,改进后的测试精度有了很大的提高。     

A Metamodeling Approach for Integrated Assessment of Air Quality Policies

A method is proposed to build integrated models (also called Metamodels) aimed at quantifying the economic efficiency of air quality policies. This Metamodeling approach is based on the coupling of two complementary models, that operate at different scales in space and time, and which represent the economic and the physical and chemical processes, respectively. The joint consideration of the physico-chemical and techno-economic structure of the pollution control problems permits a comprehensive evaluation of air pollution abatement strategies. The motivating pollution control problems include urban-regional air quality management through efficient energy and traffic control policies. A pilot study, exploiting data collected in the Geneva canton (Switzerland), is used to demonstrate the potential of the approach.     

大气微生物与气象条件及大气污染物的灰色关联分析

根据大气微生物浓度、气象因子和大气污染理化因子的监测结果，应用灰色关联分析原理，分析研究大气微生物浓度与气象条件和大气污染物的关联程度，说明气象因子对各类微生物浓度的影响大于大气污染因子，特别是对耐高渗透压霉菌。     

用灰色关联度方法进行水污染因子分析

介绍了灰色关联度因子分析方法,以及此法在水污染因子分析中的应用.对于一般监测资料系列短而监测项目却较齐全的情况,应用本法是较适宜的.     

黔中地区二级阶地堆积物边坡稳定性对工程建设的影响

结合在建工程清水河大花水电站实例,本文对黔中地区二级阶地堆积物边坡成因、堆积物物质成份、结构与其物理力学特性作了分析、总结,初步探讨了贵州省二级阶地堆积物边坡稳定性对工程建设的影响,望能给正在进行工程建设的同行以一定的参考,并对工程建设区的二级地堆积物边坡稳定性引起重视。