日本沼虾三种细胞器在精子发生过程中变化的研究

应用透射电镜技术,研究了日本沼虾在精子发生过程中线粒体、溶酶体及内质网的变化．从精原细胞到精子,生精细胞内线粒体数量逐渐增多,结构渐趋复杂化,并形成衍生物,参与精子顶体的形成．溶酶体从初级溶酶体逐渐形成次级溶酶体,其中包括包裹溶酶体及溶噬体;部分溶酶体构成精子顶体的一部分．精子发生的全过程中,未见典型的粗面内质网（ＲＥＲ）,仅见泡状粗面内质网（ＶＲＥＲ）;滑面内质网只在精原细胞期出现．支持细胞的作用包括两个方面：一为支持作用,使生精细胞有一个适宜的发育场所;二为营养作用,为生精细胞的发育提供足够的物质和能量．     

不同温度胁迫方式对中华绒螯蟹免疫化学指标的影响

为研究温度骤变在水生动物病害发生中的可能作用，本研究以中华绒螯蟹为材料，将环境温度从20℃突然升高或下降，然后在不同时间取样分析，从免疫学的角度探讨了不同的温度改变方式对中华绒螯蟹抗氧化能力的影响．研究结果表明，（1）在2h内将饲养水温从20℃升至32℃，然后在30min内降至20℃，中华绒螯蟹的血细胞密度（DHC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活力先升高后下降，6h时出现峰值，3d后趋于稳定，丙二醛（MDA）的含量变化则呈相反趋势；（2）在24h内将饲养水温从20℃降至8℃，其DHC随时间的延长而逐渐降低，SOD和CAT先增加后下降，在d1出现峰值；而MDA的含量先下降后升高，在d3出现峰值，但总的来说，MDA的含量均高于0h处理组；（3）在24h内水温从20℃升至32℃，其SOD和CAT在温度变化6h后呈升高趋势，而后逐渐下降，DHC的变化无一定规律，但均明显低于0h处理组，MDA的含量随时间延长而增加．以上结果表明，温度胁迫使中华绒螯蟹机体抗氧化能力下降，从而导致机体的氧化代谢失衡和免疫防御能力下降．     

林丹通过MAPK和UPR通路与干扰线粒体功能诱导黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)肿瘤细胞迁移

环境污染物增加癌症死亡率的潜在机理研究尚需开展。选择与癌症致死显著相关的林丹作为目标物质,将黑腹果蝇作为受试生物进行暴露,对1 000μg·L~(-1)和对照组的果蝇样本进行实时聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR),检测发现参与调控癌症细胞迁移的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路中的MEKK和p38α、未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)中的ATF4、Ire1、PERK和XBP1等基因的表达量呈现显著下调(P0.05)。通过肿瘤迁移品系果蝇统计林丹暴露下肿瘤细胞迁移率,结果显示肿瘤细胞迁移率随林丹浓度升高而增加,1 000μg·L~(-1)林丹暴露组与对照组的果蝇肿瘤细胞迁移率分别为69.2%和45.9%,具有显著性差异(P0.05)。进一步的RNA测序结果表明,高浓度暴露组与对照组之间存在380个基因具有显著性差异(P0.05),其中含169个上调基因和211个下调基因。差异基因主要涉及水解酶催化活性(42个基因)、神经系统(20)、对化学刺激的感知(6)和线粒体(5)。差异基因的富集分析表明林丹的暴露主要改变蛋白水解过程(83个基因)、胞外区域(84)和催化活性(311),其对应的平均富集因子分别为1.59、1.52和1.24(P0.001)。差异基因的表达解释了林丹的暴露不仅致使线粒体功能障碍,而且影响蛋白水解酶活性,加速胞外基质降解,为肿瘤细胞迁移供能并提供微环境。     

玻璃幕墙光污染特征研究

根据日照理论和空间几何理论,对玻璃幕墙光污染特征进行计算分析。结果表明,南向玻璃幕墙光污染发生在冬至和春秋分,冬至以中等污染为主,上下午持续时间长;春秋分以轻微污染等级为主,上下午持续时间短;北向玻璃幕墙全年无光污染;其他朝向玻璃幕墙光污染全年均有,冬至主要在南至东的朝向,春秋分在南至东北朝向,夏至除南北朝向外所有朝向;光污染持续时间受朝向影响,冬至大,春秋分和夏至小。光污染影响区域大小、位置随朝向变化,冬至剧烈,春秋分和夏季缓和且稳定。     

Developing a passive air-breathing tubular direct methanol fuel cell fed with concentrated methanol

This study develops and investigates a fully passive air-breathing tubular direct methanol fuel cell (t-DMFC) with a steel-tube anode and a steel-mesh cathode. The effects of methanol concentration, cathode catalyst loading, mesh structure, and forced air convection are experimentally explored. Results indicate that the t-DMFC performs better at a relatively higher methanol concentration of 8 M. It is recommended to use a catalyst loading of 4 mg cm^?2. Both the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and performance tests confirm that the 40-mesh setup is preferred at the cathode. The fuel cell yields a poor performance when the cathode works with forced air convection because the air-blowing operation reduces the cell temperature and this effect dominates the cell performance. The dynamic and constant-load behaviors are also inspected.     

微电池滤床法处理含油废水

介绍了含油废水中油珠电荷的来源和ζ－电位,阐述了液膜池微观电泳测试的理论和方法。根据油珠具有ζ－电位及在外电场作用下可以迁移的性质,采用炭－铁粒料组成微电池滤床处理含油废水,油去除率可达７０％－８０％。     

喷出火焰引起可燃性墙面燃烧问题的研究

应用传热学的有关知识,从理论上分析了通过外墙窗口喷出的火焰对可燃性墙面的引燃及墙面上的火焰传播等问题,并对这些问题进行了实验研究,结果表明：喷出火焰比较容易引燃可燃性墙面,使墙面上出现垂直向上的火焰传播现象。     

燃煤锅炉炉膛高温腐蚀原因及对策

从300MW机组锅炉水冷壁管的高温腐蚀情况出发，阐述了产生高温腐蚀的原因，并提出了切实可行的预防措施。     

Chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in human populations exposed to the processing of electronics waste

Background, aim, and scope  It has been known that the pollutants of electronic wastes (E-wastes) can lead to severe pollution to the environment. It has been reported that about 50% to 80% of E-wastes from developed countries are exported to Asia and Africa. It has become a major global environmental problem to deal with ‘E-wastes’. E-waste recycling has remained primitive in Jinghai, China. This not only produces enormous environmental pollution but also can bring about toxic or genotoxic effects on the human body, threatening the health of both current residents and future generations living in the local environment. The concentration of lead in the blood of children in the E-waste polluted area in China is higher than that of the control area. But little is known about the cytogenetic effect to human beings caused by the pollution of E-wastes. In the present study, experiments have been performed to investigate the genetics of permanent residents of three villages with numerous E-waste disposal sites and to analyze the harmful effects of exposure to E-wastes. Materials and methods  In total, 171 villagers (exposed group) were randomly selected from permanent residents of three villages located in Jinghai County of Tianjin, China, where there has been massive disposal of E-wastes. Thirty villagers were selected from the neighboring towns without E-waste disposal sites to serve as controls. Chromosomal aberrations and cytokinesis blocking micronucleus were performed to detect the cytogenetic effect, dic + r (dicentric and ring chromosome), monomer, fragments (acentric fragments, minute chromosomes, and acentric rings), translocation, satellite, quadriradial, total aberrations, and micronuclear rate were scored for each subject. DNA damage was detected using comet assay; the DNA percentage in the comet tail (TDNA%), tail moment (TM), and Olive tail moment (OTM) were recorded to describe DNA damage to lymphocytes. Results  The total chromosome aberration rates (5.50%) and micronuclear rates (16.99%) of the exposure group were significantly higher than in the control group (P = 0.000). The percentage of DNA in the comet tail, tail moment, and Olive tail moment detected by comet assay showed that there was a significant difference in DNA damage in the exposure group (P = 0.000). The chromosome aberration, micronucleus rate, and DNA damage observed in women were significantly higher than those in men. Chromosome aberration and micronuclear rates of both smokers and non-smokers in the exposure group are obviously higher than that in the control group (P = 0.000). Discussion  The use of outdated (and unsafe) ways to deal with E-wastes can lead to exposure to a variety of substances harmful to human health. The components of pollution may enter the human body through the air, drinking water, and food chain to damage human genetic material, resulting in genomic instability. The rates of chromosomal aberration, micronucleus formation, and the degree of DNA damage in women in the group exposed to electronic waste were significantly higher than in men. The reason for this may be concerned with the traditional lifestyle of the local residents or the difference of sensitivity to the exposure to E-wastes or any others. Further investigations are needed to provide evidence to demonstrate this. Conclusions  Here, we report the obviously cytogenetic toxicity to the exposure population by the E-waste pollution for the first time. E-waste pollution may be a potential agent of genetic mutation, and may induce cytogenetic damage within the general population exposed to the pollution. These findings need to be considered, and steps should be taken to protect the current population and future generations from the effects of pollution with E-wastes. Recommendations and perspectives  The above results remind us that the impact of E-waste recycling on environmental quality of Jinghai should be evaluated soon. Moreover, it is urgent for the government to prohibit E-waste import and its processing by outdated ways. The future studies such as pollutant details of drinking water, air, and soil in the area as well as epidemiological investigations on the harmful effect to children must be performed eagerly. All the data available do provide a compelling case for immediate action in both countries to address workplace health and safety and waste management. Qiang Liu and Jia Cao contributed equally to this study and share the first authorship.     

化学防护服的氢氧化钠渗透性能离子色谱检测方法的研究

渗透性能是化学防护服最重要的防护性能指标之一.本文利用PTC200型渗透测试池、蠕动泵和离子色谱仪等装置,研究并建立了NaOH溶液的渗透性能离子色谱仪的检测方法.结果表明,利用该装置可以方便准确地实现服装面料NaOH溶液渗透性能测试,是一种具有重要应用价值的检测方法.