Temporal and spatial change detecting (1998–2003) and predicting of land use and land cover in Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM and ETM+ images

Land use/land cover (LULC) has a profound impact on economy, society and environment, especially in rapid developing areas. Rapid and prompt monitoring and predicting of LULC’s change are crucial and significant. Currently, integration of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) methods is one of the most important methods for detecting LULC’s change, which includes image processing (such as geometrical-rectifying, supervised-classification, etc.), change detection (post-classification), GIS-based spatial analysis, Markov chain and a Cellular Automata (CA) models, etc. The core corridor of Pearl River Delta was selected for studying LULC’s change in this paper by using the above methods for the reason that the area contributed 78.31% (1998)–81.4% (2003) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to the whole Pearl River Delta (PRD). The temporal and spatial LULC’s changes from 1998 to 2003 were detected by RS data. At the same time, urban expansion levels in the next 5 and 10 years were predicted temporally and spatially by using Markov chain and a simple Cellular Automata model respectively. Finally, urban expansion and farmland loss were discussed against the background of China’s urban expansion and cropland loss during 1990–2000. The result showed: (1) the rate of urban expansion was up to 8.91% during 1998–2003 from 169,078.32 to 184,146.48 ha; (2) the rate of farmland loss was 5.94% from 312,069.06 to 293,539.95 ha; (3) a lot of farmland converted to urban or development area, and more forest and grass field converted to farmland accordingly; (4) the spatial predicting result of urban expansion showed that urban area was enlarged ulteriorly compared with the previous results, and the directions of expansion is along the existing urban area and transportation lines.     

Defining agents' behaviors to simulate complex residential development using multicriteria evaluation

Cellular automata (CA) have been increasingly used to simulate complex geographical phenomena. These models may have limitations on reflecting individuals' behaviors which should be considered in urban simulation. Agent-based modeling can solve some of the problems in addressing individuals' influences in urban systems. However, there is a general lack of methodology on how to define agents' properties. This paper uses multicriteria evaluation techniques to determine some of the parameters for the agent-based model. Empirical data from GIS are used to define agent's properties. Sensitivity analysis is also carried out to assess the influences of parameters on simulation outcomes. This model has been applied to the simulation of the residential development in a fast growing city, Guangzhou, in south China.     

1,4-二氯苯的细胞毒性效应及在角毛藻中的富集

以1,4-二氯苯(1,4-DCB)处理后,角毛藻Chaetoceros mulleri的生长状况,藻体细胞的形态改变,及角毛藻中对1,4-DCB的富集能力,来检测1,4-DCB对海洋微藻的毒性效应.结果表明:1,4-DCB对角毛藻的生长有一定抑制作用,该效应表现出一定的质量浓度和时间依赖性;1,4-DCB处理后,角毛藻细胞能明显富集1,4-DCB,该富集能力与环境中1,4-DCB的质量浓度有关;而且角毛藻藻细胞形态受到1,4-DCB的损伤.这表明1,4-DCB污染后能在角毛藻细胞内富集并对其产生细胞毒害效应,且受有机物污染后藻类作为饵料的价值降低.     

Subnational government and EIA in the developing world: Bureaucratic strategy and political change in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

EIA has been instituted in developing countries in the last decade largely in response to outside pressures. Governments have been quick to initiate reforms rather than jeopardize projects that might be key to national development plans. At the subnational level, most projects are not financed by foreign aid. The application of EIA at this level is often the result of pressure exerted on policy elites by the bureaucracy. This paper describes the reorganization of environmental protection agencies in the state of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. This reorganization provided the setting for a bureaucratic initiative on EIA. The authors also analyze two cases in which EIA was applied unsatisfactorily and comment on the political realites of implementing EIA at the subnational level.     

富里酸存在条件下铜对普通小球藻光合作用与细胞生理的影响

为探究富里酸存在条件下,铜对普通小球藻光合作用与细胞生理的影响,对普通小球藻进行富里酸及铜的复合暴露,检测相关的光合作用及细胞生理指标,并与单独暴露富里酸的普通小球藻指标水平进行比较分析.结果表明,铜的加入会影响藻细胞的光合作用,增加细胞膜通透性,使藻细胞体积增大,并导致藻细胞的死亡.富里酸可以明显减弱铜的毒性,减少藻细胞的死亡.随富里酸浓度升高,藻细胞死亡率呈下降趋势;高浓度的富里酸(74.5 mg·L~(-1)和119.2 mg·L~(-1))可以明显减弱铜对藻细胞体积增大的作用,低浓度的富里酸(20 mg·L~(-1)和54 mg·L~(-1))无明显影响.富里酸单独作用能够增强普通小球藻的光合作用,增加藻细胞的细胞膜通透性,但不具有致死性.     

基于元胞自动机的人因追尾事故仿真研究

人为因素已经成为导致交通事故发生的关键因素之一,而车辆追尾碰撞是公路上最常见、危害最大的一类事故.本文将驾驶员的心理细分为放松、谨慎和紧张三种状态,设计了状态切换规则以及不同状态下驾驶员的行为规则,建立了一种公路人因追尾事故的元胞自动机仿真模型.随后通过仿真实验研究了交通流参数以及驾驶员驾驶特性对追尾事故发生率的影响,仿真结果表明随着车辆最大允许速度和车辆密度的增加,追尾事故发生率显著上升;跟驰状态下驾驶员的反应延迟与差错率对事故率影响最大,而紧急情况下驾驶员的人为因素对事故率没有显著影响.研究结果对交通中人因事故发生机理研究及人因事故的预防有一定参考价值.     

新型泡沫塑料救生衣的研制

基于自行研制的体积质量仅0．034g／cm^3、手感柔软的NBR／PVC共混改性的救生衣用泡沫浮力材料、采用模压成型技术制得的边角圆润、质量一致性好的泡沫浮力内芯，成功地开发出新型泡沫塑料救生衣，适体且性能优良，便于人体各种活动。     

基于生态位与约束CA的土地资源优化配置模型研究——以武汉市黄陂区为例

土地资源优化配置一直是土地科学的核心问题之一。传统的土地资源优化配置模型主要关注土地利用的经济属性而忽略土地利用行为的生态环境效应．已不适应可持续发展的要求;并且在优化内容上都是对土地资源数量结构的优化。忽视了土地资源空间布局优化．近几年很多学者通过与相关模型算法的集成形成的优化模型从一定程度上对数量结构优化模型进行了改造。实现了社会、生态、经济三效益的优化配置目标。但将土地资源数量结构优化与空间布局优化系统研究的模型却非常少见。本文运用生态位模型对土地资源数量结构进行优化进而将数量优化结果作为CA模拟的约束条件对空间布局进行优化．实现了土地资源数量结构优化与空间布局优化的统一。     

部分含J-型剂量-效应关系二元混合物的毒性效应(Toxicities of Binary Mixtures Including at Least One Component with J-Shaped Dose-Response Curve)

低剂量刺激高剂量抑制的Hormesis效应常常呈现J-型剂量-效应关系,如何评价Hormesis污染物及其混合物的毒性目前尚未解决.选择微板毒性分析法(Microplate Toxicity Analysis,MTA)获得的具有J-型剂量-效应关系的丙酮、乙腈及S-型剂量效应关系的二甲亚砜为混合物组分,以直接均分射线法构建丙酮-二甲亚砜(J-S型)、乙腈-二甲亚砜(J-S型)和丙酮-乙腈(J-J型)3个二元混合物体系,利用不同效应浓度水平下以浓度加和为参考模型的多个等效线图分析污染物的毒性变化规律.结果表明,所有二元混合物仍然具有J-型浓度-效应关系特征,除丙酮-乙腈二元混合体系在1个效应浓度水平下可能呈现协同特征外,其余二元混合物在不同效应浓度水平均表现为拮抗特征.