Air pollution protection by waste amorphous SiO2 utilization in Portland cement production

This papers deals with waste amorphous silica obtained from AlF₃ production. This is a waste material that could be used as additive in cement production. Results are encouraging although there are no large quantities of this material available (about 4000 t/yr). Experiments were performed with the addition of 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% mass of amorphous silica obtained from AlF₃ production. Flexural and compressive strengths of the prepared mortar samples with w/c = 0.50 and with the constant flow were determined. Experiments show that optimal quantity for the amorphous silica addition is 5% of the cement mass.     

浸取方式对废物水泥窑共处置产品中Pb,Cd和Ni浸出的影响

模拟煅烧试验制取含Pb,Cd和Ni的水泥熟料,并将其制成混凝土样品,通过水槽浸出试验研究间歇浸取方式对混凝土中Pb,Cd和Ni释放的影响. 结果表明:间歇碳化保存处理浸出液的pH为9.5～10.4,低于连续浸取处理浸出液的pH(10.3～11.0),而间歇自然保存处理的浸出液pH则与连续浸取处理浸出液的pH相近;间歇浸取过程的碳酸化作用增加了混凝土中Pb和Cd的释放,表现为间歇浸取碳化保存处理的累积浸出量最大(Pb和Cd分别为686和332 mg/m2),连续浸取处理的累积浸出量最低(Pb和Cd分别为480和203 mg/m2);间歇处理对Ni的释放影响与Pb和Cd的不同,连续浸取处理的累积浸出量最大,为155 mg/m2,而间歇碳化保存处理的累积浸出量(85 mg/m2)最小.      

锌冶炼废渣重金属在地块土壤中的垂向迁移特征及归趋

为探讨冶炼废渣中重金属对土壤及地下水的影响,开展了90 d持续和间歇淋溶下锌挥发窑渣浸出液中重金属在场地剖面土柱的迁移模拟实验,分析淋出液Cd、 Cu、 Pb和Zn浓度及其在土壤剖面的累积、赋存形态和粒径分布特征,并探讨重金属在土壤剖面滞留机制.结果表明,土柱淋出液重金属浓度在淋溶初期达到峰值后迅速降低,Cd浓度超过《地下水环境质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅳ类水质限值(0.1 mg·L^-1),地下水存在Cd污染风险.剖面土壤对废渣中重金属固持量大,Cd、 Cu、 Pb和Zn主要累积在浅层土壤(0～10 cm),分别为淋溶前土壤的237～429、 1.25～16.2、 1.38～2.31和1.79～3.17倍;持续淋溶下废渣重金属较间歇淋溶的迁移距离较长,Cd在土柱深层有明显累积.土壤粗颗粒(0.5～2.0 mm)对Cd、 Cu和Zn累积总量的贡献率较大,而Pb更易累积在<0.25 mm粒径.BCR顺序提取结果显示,浅层土壤累积的Cd、 Cu和Zn主要以弱酸提取态为主,占比分别高达62.4%～76.7%、 72.0%～95.8%和67.6%～8...     

中国水泥行业通过CCUS技术的减排潜力评估

中国水泥行业面临巨大的碳达峰与碳中和压力.CO₂捕集利用与封存（CCUS）技术是能够实现化石资源低碳利用的碳减排技术.在中国水泥企业数据基础上,采用全流程CCUS系统模型（ITEAM-CCUS）评估CCUS的碳减排潜力对水泥企业碳中和非常重要.模型从源汇匹配距离、捕集率、CCUS技术和技术水平这4个方面设置了10种情景,完成了水泥行业的企业筛选、场地筛选、CCUS技术经济评估和源汇匹配,初步回答了水泥企业结合CCUS的封存场地、减排规模、成本范围和优先项目分布等关键问题.在250 km匹配距离、85%净捕集率、CO₂-EWR技术和当前技术水平情景,44%的水泥企业可以利用CO₂强化地下水开采（CO₂-EWR）技术开展碳减排,累计年碳减排量为6.25亿t,平准化成本为290~1838元·t^-1;具有全流程CO₂-EWR早期示范优势的地区为新疆、内蒙古、宁夏、河南和河北等.水泥企业开展全流程CCUS项目技术可行,可以实现大规模CO₂减排,低成本项目具有早期示范机会.研究结果可为水泥行业低碳发展和CCUS商业化部署提供定量参考.     

透水砖铺装的设施构造对运行效果的影响

为考察缝隙透水砖铺装的基层构造与材料对设施运行效果的影响,在上海市区建造了2个缝隙透水砖铺装(permeable interlocking concrete pavement,PICP)与1个不透水混凝土铺装(concrete pavement,CP)停车场,其中2个缝隙透水砖铺装分别采用水泥稳定碎石(PICP1)和普通碎石(PICP2)作为基层结构.在2018年实际降雨条件下对2个设施的水文效果及底部出流水质进行了长期监测.结果表明PICP1与PICP2的年径流总量控制率相近,分别为37. 0%和38. 7%,PICP1的峰值削减率及峰现延迟时间略优于PICP2.水质控制效果方面,PICP1比PICP2有更好地NH_4~+-N转化效果,两种设施底部出流均存在NO_3~--N淋出的现象; PICP1底部出流的TSS、TP、颗粒态磷和溶解态磷浓度均低于PICP2.采用水泥稳定碎石作为基层有助于提高设施的水质净化效果,并改善设施的水文控制效果.     

利用回转窑焚烧废物简述

本文介绍了回转窑的类型、结构和及其工艺特点,并对国内外利用回转窑焚烧危险废物的实验情况进行了综述,为我国废物焚烧领域的工作者提供借鉴。     

石灰窑烟气治理技术探讨

依据石灰窑烟气的特点,提出了一种新型的烟气治理工艺——SDS干法脱硫+布袋除尘脱硝一体化技术;分析了该技术的工艺流程、技术优势和关键系统。工程案例表明,该技术处理效果好、运行成本低,适用于我国石灰窑烟气的治理。     

Assessment of popular techniques for co-processing municipal solid waste in Chinese cement kilns

• Municipal solid waste (MSW) was fermented, screened, gasified, then co-processed. • Co-processing MSW in cement kilns could cause excessive pollutant emissions. • Bypass flue gas can be disposed of through the main flue system. • Popular MSW co-processing methods do not affect cement quality. Cement kiln co-processing techniques have been developed in the past 20 years in China, and more than 60 factories now use fermentation, screening, and gasification pre-treatment techniques to co-process municipal solid waste (MSW). There three complete MSW pre-treatment techniques, co-processing procedures, and environmental risk assessments have been described in few publications. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of each technique. The results suggested that the pollutant content released by each pre-treatment technology was lower than the emission standard. To reveal the mechanisms of pollutant migration and enrichment, the substances in the kiln and kiln products are investigated. The input of co-processing materials (Co-M) produced by fermentation caused formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) in the bypass flue gas (By-gas) in excess of the regulatory standard. The Co-M input produced by the screening and gasifier technologies caused the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration to exceed the standard. In addition, the NO_x, TOC, and PCDD/Fs in the By-gas exceeded the regulatory standard. Raw meal was the primary chlorine and heavy metals input stream, and clinker (CK) and cement kiln dust (CKD) accounted for>90% of the total chlorine output stream. Flue gas and CKD were the primary volatile heavy metal (Hg) output streams. Greater than 70% of the semi-volatile heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Tl and Se) distributed in hot raw meal and bypass cement kiln dust. The low-volatility heavy metals were concentrated in the CK. These results indicated that co-processing techniques used in China still require improvement.     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化试验研究

试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中重金属的固化效果. 结果表明:飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过《危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准》(GB5085.3-2007),因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定程度的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%～59.0%和7.4%～73.7%.      

水泥窑共处置废农药生命周期评价研究

国内在水泥窑共处置废农药方面的研究处于起步阶段. 通过开展试烧试验,以生命周期评价方法(LCA)为研究手段, 对水泥窑共处置废农药技术的环境影响进行评价,并与危险废物的其他处置方法做比较,以处置1 kg危险废物为功能单位. 结果表明,常规危险废物焚烧的综合环境负荷指数为1.428 4×10-12 a-1, 而水泥窑中共处置废农药的综合环境负荷指数为0.183 9×10-12 a-1,远低于常规危险废物焚烧.