纳米TiO2和ZnO颗粒对红壤理化性质的影响

通过对耕作红壤的现场实验,较为系统的反映了人工纳米颗粒(TiO_2、ZnO)对土壤理化性质的影响。数据表明,在本实验周期(90 d)内,耕作红壤掺杂不同剂量(0. 1 mg/g、0. 2 mg/g、0. 5 mg/g、1 mg/g、3 mg/g)人工纳米颗粒后,纳米颗粒显著提升了土壤pH和电导率值;纳米颗粒对土壤微生物菌落数有一定的抑制作用;纳米颗粒对土壤有机质含量的影响不明显。整体而言,人工纳米颗粒(TiO_2、ZnO)进入土壤体系后,对土壤理化性质产生了一定程度的影响,且剂量越大,影响越明显。     

上海市从源头到龙头的饮用水新型污染物分布特征及健康风险评价

通过监测饮用水新型污染物从源头到龙头的分布情况,研究明确了藻毒素、内分泌干扰物和抗生素三类新型污染物在各供水环节中的浓度情况,并对各类新型污染物对人体的健康风险开展评价工作.结果表明,进厂水中的藻毒素主要以MC-RR和MC-LR为主,内分泌干扰物仅为双酚S和雌酮两种.经过水厂处水工艺后,上述污染物可得到有效的去除.监测期间,除2020年1月检出磺胺类抗生素,其余时段的抗生素类型主要以氟甲砜霉素(FF)为主.FF的去除效果对氯的形态有较明显的相关性,自由氯消毒相对于化合氯消毒,对FF的去除效果较为良好.藻毒素的风险度、内分泌干扰物的非致癌风险值和抗生素的风险商值均远小于1,尤其在二次供水环节,表明这三类饮用水新型污染物对人体健康均不构成直接威胁.     

引江济太入湖污染物通量及其对太湖水质贡献

引江济太工程是旨在改善太湖水质的重要工程举措,弄清调水过程中输入太湖的污染物负荷量是研究调水效果的重要方面。本研究根据2003年~2008年调水量和望亭立交闸下的水质监测数据,定量地计算了调水的入湖水量和污染物通量。同时根据2000年~2005年环湖30条河道每月一次的水文及水质监测数据,计算每年环湖河道的入湖水量及污染物通量。通过比较结果表明平均每年调水的入湖污染物通量约占总入湖污染物通量的10%,定量地给出了调水对太湖水质的贡献。     

天然红土与苦草联合控制沉积物中磷释放

运用天然红土和苦草（RS+VS）的原位联合修复技术,探究单一及联合修复对污染底泥磷去除的影响.结果表明,RS与VS联合对沉积物P的去除能力高于两者单一修复,在37d的批量实验中,覆盖RS+VS组沉积物释放到上覆水中的磷被抑制了91%,与无覆盖RS+VS组的底泥释放磷相比,上覆水中溶解态活性磷（SRP）从1.41mg/L降至0.12mg/L.RS+VS联合修复对沉积物磷的固定作用显著,将不稳定的亚铁磷（Fe （II）-P）和铁铝结合磷（CDB-P）转变成惰性的钙磷（Ca-P）,沉积物中的Ca-P含量增加了51%,Fe （II）-P,CDB-P分别降低了1%和24%,有效降低了底泥磷释放到上覆水的风险.综上,RS+VS联合可以应用于处理富营养化水域的内部磷负荷,实现两者协同去除沉积物磷,同时RS和VS两者价廉且广泛分布可作为一种潜在高效益的磷酸盐吸附剂应用于实际工程中.     

高岭土铝活化法制备改性粘土及其除藻机制

以焙烧高岭土为原料,通过酸-碱组合活化、原料复配、控温熟化等连续处理步骤活化高岭土中的铝制备改性粘土(MC)。采用正交试验设计对该方法进行优化,考察了制备条件对获得改性粘土除藻效果的影响规律,探讨了不同制备条件下获得改性粘土除藻效率差异的机制。结果表明,酸-碱组合活化pH值对改性粘土的除藻效率具有显著影响(P<0.05),控制碱中和后的pH£3.6获得改性粘土的除藻效率可达90%以上。通过分析改性粘土的理化特征及絮凝除藻时的絮凝体特征发现,在最佳制备条件下,高岭土矿晶中铝大量被活化,合成改性粘土的片层致密且卷曲、微表面粗糙,分散到海水中时活化单体铝(Al_a)、多羟基铝(Al_b)含量更高,粘土表面电性由负转为正,絮凝卷扫藻细胞的作用增强,因而合成改性粘土具有更高消除赤潮生物的能力。     

A framework for learning from incidents in the workplace

Learning from Incidents (LFI) in the workplace has been gaining increasing importance in the Health, Safety and Environment context. Although organisations adopt a variety of LFI initiatives, it is often unclear what learning approaches are the most appropriate and the most effective for different types of incidents across a range of contexts. The aim of the paper is to surface factors that are important for effective Learning from Incidents (LFI). The paper builds on a conceptual framework for learning from incidents, developed through an earlier study. This conceptual framework was validated through empirical data collected at two multinational corporations in the energy sector. From this data a refined framework for learning from incidents was devised with five factors important for LFI: participants of learning, type of incidents, learning process, type of knowledge and learning context. This framework can be used as an evaluation tool and as a guidance tool to develop holistic, organisational learning approaches.     

Effects of interactions between anthropogenic stressors and recurring perturbations on ecosystem resilience and collapse

Insights into declines in ecosystem resilience and their causes and effects can inform preemptive action to avoid ecosystem collapse and loss of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. Empirical studies of ecosystem collapse are rare and hampered by ecosystem complexity, nonlinear and lagged responses, and interactions across scales. We investigated how an anthropogenic stressor could diminish ecosystem resilience to a recurring perturbation by altering a critical ecosystem driver. We studied groundwater-dependent, peat-accumulating, fire-prone wetlands known as upland swamps in southeastern Australia. We hypothesized that underground mining (stressor) reduces resilience of these wetlands to landscape fires (perturbation) by diminishing groundwater, a key ecosystem driver. We monitored soil moisture as an indicator of ecosystem resilience during and after underground mining. After landscape fire, we compared responses of multiple state variables representing ecosystem structure, composition, and function in swamps within the mining footprint with unmined reference swamps. Soil moisture declined without recovery in swamps with mine subsidence (i.e., undermined), but was maintained in reference swamps over 8 years (effect size 1.8). Relative to burned reference swamps, burned undermined swamps showed greater loss of peat via substrate combustion; reduced cover, height, and biomass of regenerating vegetation; reduced postfire plant species richness and abundance; altered plant species composition; increased mortality rates of woody plants; reduced postfire seedling recruitment; and extirpation of a hydrophilic animal. Undermined swamps therefore showed strong symptoms of postfire ecosystem collapse, whereas reference swamps regenerated vigorously. We found that an anthropogenic stressor diminished the resilience of an ecosystem to recurring perturbations, predisposing it to collapse. Avoidance of ecosystem collapse hinges on early diagnosis of mechanisms and preventative risk reduction. It may be possible to delay or ameliorate symptoms of collapse or to restore resilience, but the latter appears unlikely in our study system due to fundamental alteration of a critical ecosystem driver. Efectos de las interacciones entre los estresantes antropogénicos y las perturbaciones recurrentes sobre la resiliencia y el colapso de los ecosistemas     

Assessing the perception and reality of arguments against thermal waste treatment plants in terms of property prices

The thermal processing of waste materials, although considered to be an essential part of waste management, is often sharply contested in the UK. Arguments such as health, depletion of resources, cost, noise, odours, traffic movement and house prices are often cited as reasons against the development of such facilities. This study aims to review the arguments and identify any effect on property prices due to the public perception of the plant. A selection of existing energy from waste (EfW) facilities in the UK, operational for at least 7 years, was selected and property sales data, within 5 km of the sites, was acquired and analysed in detail. The locations of the properties were calculated in relation to the plant using GIS software (ArcGIS) and the distances split into 5 zones ranging from 0 to 5 km from the site. The local property sale prices, normalised against the local house price index, were compared in two time periods, before and after the facility became operational, across each of the 5 zones. In all cases analysed no significant negative effect was observed on property prices at any distance within 5 km from a modern operational incinerator. This indicated that the perceived negative effect of the thermal processing of waste on local property values is negligible.     

海洋微藻脲酶活性测定方法的实验研究

为进一步了解海洋微藻对尿素的吸收和利用机制,揭示水体尿素浓度升高对近海浮游植物群落演替的潜在影响及对近海有害藻类水华(HABs)形成的促进作用,对海洋微藻脲酶活性的测定方法进行了研究.以典型赤潮藻东海原甲藻为实验材料,在Peers方法的基础上,探讨了失活处理时间、提取液pH值、酶促反应温度以及微藻生长阶段对脲酶活性的影响.结果表明,失活处理时间、提取液pH值、酶促反应温度以及微藻所处的生长阶段都对微藻的脲酶活性具有显著影响.海洋微藻脲酶活性的最佳测定条件为:100℃下失活处理时间 > 2min;提取液pH值7.9;反应温度应与微藻生长温度一致;指数生长初期的藻体具有较高的酶活,而平台期后酶活趋于稳定.     

围湖造田不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳和易氧化碳

围湖造田是我国20世纪50年代后期开始大量出现的与水争地的人类干扰活动。以太湖流域肖甸湖区为试验地,测定分析了该围湖造田区香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）林、水杉（Metasequoia glyptostroboides）林、毛竹（Phyllostachys heterocycla）林和农田4种不同典型土地利用方式35年后0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～40 cm土壤有机碳和易氧化碳含量的差异,以及土壤易氧化碳的季节动态。结果表明：表层（0～10 cm）土壤有机碳含量林地显著高于农田,阔叶林高于针叶林。土壤易氧化碳含量随季节与土层深度的变化而变化,香樟林与毛竹林春夏季节大于冬季,水杉林与农田季节波动较平缓。4种土地利用方式下土壤有机碳和易氧化碳均随土层增加含量递减。与围湖地区内的溪流底泥相比,林地与农田表层土壤有机碳含量均有明显增加;与旱地发育的植被土壤相比,围湖后的土壤有机碳含量较低,易氧化碳含量较高,土壤有机碳稳定性较差。围湖造田作为人类对自然生态系统的一种干扰方式,显著改变了原有生态系统的碳循环特征,因此在研究全球碳循环中,围湖造田对生态系统碳循环的影响应该给予充分考虑。