近百年来珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地沉积物重金属累积及生态危害评价

河口地区细颗粒沉积物在输运和沉积过程中记录了人类活动的信息.对珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地柱状沉积物进行粒度和测年分析结果表明,该地区沉积物以黏土质粉砂为主,沉积物黏土和粉砂含量及平均粒径均表现为由底向表逐渐增大的趋势,59 cm以上的沉积速率为4.15 cm·a-1,59 cm以下的沉积速率为0.97 cm·a-1.沉积物重...     

中国湖库水环境质量现状调查分析

湖库是人类赖以生存的重要资源,也是我国最为重要的饮用水来源。随着经济发展和污染负荷入湖库量持续增加,我国湖库水环境质量不断下降。以2005-2007年我国大陆地区各省(自治区、直辖市)183个湖泊、531个水库25项水质指标的调查资料为基础,采用单项指标评价和综合评价方法,分析了我国湖库主要的污染状况。结果表明,我国湖库污染的形势十分严峻,Ⅰ类水比例极低,而Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类水质比例过高。有机污染仍然是我国湖库主要的污染问题之一,超标因子主要有化学需氧量、石油类、五日生化需氧量、高锰酸盐指数和粪大肠菌群;同时重金属和其它有毒有害物质的超标问题也十分严重,超标因子主要为汞、镉、砷、铅和氰化物。我国达到集中式饮用水水质标准(Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类)的湖泊比例仅有20.9%,水库比例稍高,但也仅为53.5%。     

沈阳市老虎冲垃圾填埋场填埋气产量估算

通过选取3种不同的填埋气预测模型：IPCC模型、中国填埋气估算模型、德国模型,结合沈阳市老虎冲填埋场的实际情况,对各参数进行了修订,从而预测老虎冲填埋场填埋气产量情况,并分析比较各模型预测结果。结果表明,2003—2011年,3种模型反映了相同的填埋气变化趋势,趋于上升状态;2012—2025年,由于填埋量发生变化,IPCC模型与中国填埋气估算模型和德国模型的填埋气变化情况相反,呈下降趋势。3种模型预测的填埋气产量的峰值大小为：中国填埋气估算模型为3.3×107m3/a,IPCC模型为2.1×107m3/a,德国模型为9.8×106m3/a。根据实际产气情况进行对比,发现德国模型更符合实际情况。     

我国煤矿矿山环境保护立法研究

煤炭作为我国重要的战略资源,对我国经济建设起到了重要作用,但煤矿的开采也给矿山生态环境造成了巨大影响,因此对煤矿矿山环境给予更多的法律保护具有必要性和迫切性。本文立足于我国煤矿矿山环境保护的现状,通过分析我国目前煤矿矿山环境保护立法现状及其存在的问题,从而对我国煤矿矿山环境保护立法提出了若干建议。     

论民初我国救灾成效不彰及其原因

民国初年,我国救灾的成效方面存在着相当的不足,并直接引起连带性恶性效果。影响民国初年救灾成效不佳的原因主要可以归纳为三点,即:施政重点倾斜、社会动荡不安、政府救灾功能减弱等。     

Urbanization in Western China

China has experienced considerable urbanization in the past 60 years,especially since the implementation of the Economic Reform and Opening-up Policy in 1978.In 1949,there were only 132 cities with an urban population of 27.4 million,while in 2008 China had 652 cities with a total urban population of 606 million.Such urbanization is attributed to the boost in the number of cities and the urban population.Urban expansion enhanced geographic inequality between the three major regions in China.Compared with the eastern and central regions,western China only has 19%of the total cities and 18%of the urban population.The urbanization rate was 37.2%for the western region in 2008,while it reached 53.3%for the eastern regions and 45.3%for central China.Using a geographic information system(GIS)and statistical analyses,this study aims at explaining the structure and spatial development of urbanization,and highlighting the current issues of urban inequality in western China during the past two decades.The paper drew following conclusions:(1)Urbanization disparities between eastern and western China have become increasingly obvious,but seem to be evolving slowly since the establishment of the government’s Western Development Priority Policy in 2000.(2)Cities of various sizes were expanded in western China,and the main factors affecting the urbanization are population numbers and density,government investment and geographic conditions.(3)Current patterns of urbanization in the western region are distributed unevenly between provinces.     

Pollutant emissions,energy consumption and economic development in China:Evidence from dynamic panel data

This study investigates the relationship among pollutant emissions,energy consumption and economic development in China during the period 1982-2007 by using a one-step GMM-system model under a multivariable panel VAR framework,controlling for capital stock and labor force.Regarding the data for all 28 provinces as a whole,we find that there is a unidirectional positive relationship running from pollutant emission to economic development and a unidirectional negative relationship between pollutant emission and energy consumption.Based on traditional economic planning,the panel data of28 provinces are divided into two cross-province groups.It is discovered that in the eastern coastal region of China,there is only a unidirectional positive causal relationship leading from economic development to pollutant emission;while in the central and western regions,there are the unidirectional Granger causal relationships between pollutant emission and energy consumption,as well as between pollutant emission and economic development.There is also a unique unidirectional causal relationship running from economic development to energy consumption,which does not appear in the eastem coastal region or in China as a whole.     

西部地区产业结构优化路径分析

产业发展是区域经济发展的核心内容之一,产业结构更是直接关系到地区生产力水平、经济发展速度和质量、人民生活水平以及资源环境消耗.目前,国内外已有关于西部地区产业发展研究的文献,绝大部分都是大方向性的定性研究,定量研究还很少.在这种背景下,本文在文献回顾的基础上,首先通过测算区位熵、影响力系数及感应度系数,系统分析2000年以来西部地区产业结构动态演进过程及其存在的问题;然后,综合考虑经济增长及充分就业目标、能耗及污染物排放约束,建立产业结构优化模型,测算西部地区产业结构优化结果;最后,根据相关研究结果提出政策和建议.研究结果显示:(1)2000年实施西部大开发以来,西部地区产业发展水平明显提高,形成了以能源化工、矿产资源开发及加工、特色农产品加工为主的产业体系;但产业结构调整并没有取得实质性进展,产业结构仍然偏重,具有明显的资源依赖性.(2)西部地区产业结构优化路径可以划分为经济发展路径及绿色发展路径.绿色发展路径的测算结果显示,西部地区产业结构优化要积极发展装备制造业和轻纺工业,并优化提升现有的能源化工、矿产开发及加工业及农产品加工业,以达到《西部大开发“十二五”规划》及国家下达的节能减排指标.(3)在未来的发展中,西部地区要优化提升现有主导产业,建立低碳发展机制;积极进行技术创新,提高产品附加值,构建绿色西部;积极完善资源开发补偿机制,构建资源节约型西部;加强污染防治,提高资源利用效率,建立循环经济制度.     

Impact of Growing Income Inequality on Sustainable Development in China: A Provincial-level Analysis

Abstract

A growing body of literature has documented the rapidly increasing income disparities that accompanied China's economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s, and the driving factors behind this. Growing income inequality in its turn may have important implications for the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, and natural capital and as a consequence for sustainable economic development. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential impact of income inequality on savings, human resources and the environment in China. It starts with an overview of the different causal mechanisms through which income inequality may affect the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, and natural capital, and discusses to what extent these causal relationships may be relevant in the case of China. Next, provincial data for the year 2002 are used to explore the relationship between income inequality and different elements of sustainable development in China. It is found that income inequality does not affect aggregate savings levels. Rising inequality, however, contributes to lower health and possibly also to higher fertility levels. It also lowers the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and therefore is likely to reduce water pollution. Other types of environmental degradation are not affected.     

中国西部地区生态扶贫策略研究

西部地区是我国贫困面最大、贫困程度最深的地区,同时也是生态环境最脆弱的地区.改革开放以来,虽然西部地区社会经济发展水平得到了一定的提高,但与东中部地区的收入差距却在不断的扩大.同时,随着全国贫困人口绝对规模的减少,贫困人口的分布进一步向西部地区集中,生态环境在诸多致贫因素中越来越突出.文章从西部贫困地区与生态脆弱区和重要生态功能区空间分布的关联性以及地区贫困对生态环境的影响等方面深入解析了西部地区贫困和生态环境互为因果的耦合机理;分析了当前西部地区扶贫开发面临的生态环境、资金、人力资本、管理体制等方面的严峻挑战;提出了生态扶贫的概念和基本内涵,即:生态建设与扶贫开发同步进行,生态恢复与脱贫致富相互协调;设计了原地扶贫和离地扶贫两大生态扶贫模式,并提出了不同生态扶贫模式的特点、实施范围和基本内容.原地扶贫通过创造生态管护就业岗位,发展当地特色生态绿色产业体系,实现贫困人口在当地就业,增加贫困人口的收入.同时,通过拓展整村推进和本地教育工程,改善贫困地区生产、生活条件,提高贫困人口稳定脱贫能力.离地扶贫则以生态移民为主,并结合城镇化战略,引导贫困地区劳动力向城镇和东部沿海地区转移,通过异地就业、生活实现脱贫.最后,提出了实施生态扶贫战略的相关政策建议,包括以教育为核心的人力资本开发,以特色农副产品开发、特色生态旅游和绿色品牌建设为核心的特色优势产业发展,以及以生态移民制度和政府管理体制为核心的制度建设创新等.