中国湖库洪水调蓄功能评价

湖泊是抵御湖区水系洪水灾害的天然屏障,而水库是现代防洪工程体系的重要组成部分,两者共同肩负我国防洪减灾的重任。为探明我国湖、库洪水调蓄功能状况,分析区域防洪需求进而提出对策建议,论文以湖泊可调蓄水量和水库防洪库容为评价指标,基于可调蓄水量与湖面面积以及防洪库容与总库容的数量关系构建模型,分别对我国湖泊和水库的洪水调蓄能力进行了初步评估。结果表明,我国湖泊可调蓄水量和水库防洪库容分别为1 475.47×10⁸和2 506.85×10⁸ m³,湖库洪水调蓄功能总量为3 982.33×10⁸ m³。从空间分布来看,湖泊调蓄能力以西藏、青海、江苏等省以及西北诸河、长江、淮河等流域较强;水库调蓄能力以湖北、广东、湖南等省以及长江、珠江、黄河等流域较强;湖库综合调蓄能力则以西藏、湖北、青海、江苏、湖南等省以及长江、西北诸河等流域较强。从防洪需求来看,珠江、长江、海河、淮河等流域湖库调蓄能力与设计洪量的比值较小,防洪压力较大。针对珠江流域和海河流域,建议通过兴建水库等工程建设提高流域防洪能力;针对长江流域和淮河流域,可结合退田还湖和水库建设提高湖库综合调洪能力。研究结果可为我国防洪建设和洪水管理提供科学指导。     

中央空调系统过滤器表面真菌鉴定及温热控制

为研究中央空调系统真菌繁殖扩散机理及控制空气微生物污染问题,通过温热控制手段,探究不同温热环境下真菌菌落、菌丝生长繁殖规律.以某体育馆中央空调系统过滤器表面真菌为研究对象,通过分离、生理生化实验和分子生物学鉴定确认空调系统过滤器表面的优势菌属种类及数量.对分离鉴定的优势菌属做温热控制实验,分别在25℃恒温及22℃~28℃变温条件下观察菌落和菌丝的生长规律.结果显示,该空调系统过滤器表面真菌优势菌属为青霉属(Penicillium spp.)和枝孢属(Cladosporium spp.),菌落形成单位分别为600, 140cfu/cm2.温热控制研究表明,无论25℃恒温或22~28℃变温条件,青霉属生长速度都要快于枝孢菌,且菌落直径变化和时间成线性关系;温热控制对青霉属和枝孢菌的生长繁殖具有明显的抑制作用,温热控制技术在抑制空调系统真菌生长上可行.     

Factors for implementing end-of-life product reverse logistics in the Chinese manufacturing sector

Dedicated, skilled and relatively cheap manpower coupled with efficient manufacturing techniques has elevated China’s status as the world’s factory. China is now capable of producing virtually any product, from cheap toys to some of the most sophisticated goods and equipment. The resultant economic benefits and associated enormous consumption due to rise in per capita income are accompanied by an equally unprecedented negative environmental impact arising from the huge increase of end-of-life (EoL) products. This study aims to understand and prioritise EoL product reverse logistics (RL) factors from Chinese manufacturing sector perspective. Multiple case studies in five different industries within the manufacturing sector have been carried out and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been employed to prioritise the governing factors for the successful RL implementation in the Chinese manufacturing sector. Results indicate that Chinese firms are unlikely to embark on RL operations without external factors such as strict government legislation.     

2014年春季东海大面积甲藻赤潮的生态特征

为准确掌握东海近岸海域赤潮发生情况,深入了解东海海域赤潮发生时和未发生时的生态环境条件,根据浙江省舟山海洋生态环境监测站对东海近岸海域常年的监测结果,选定从杭州湾外侧向南到温州南麂列岛的东海近岸海域为赤潮高发区,开展生态环境研究.2014 年4 月和5 月利用专业海洋调查船,按《海洋监测规范》对东海赤潮高发海域进行了二次综合海洋生态环境调查,结果发现调查海域氮、磷营养盐含量普遍较高,4 月研究海域无机氮均值为0.406 mg·L^-1,活性磷酸盐均值0.013 mg·L^-1;5 月无机氮均值0.244 mg·L^-1,活性磷酸盐均值0.004 mg·L^-1.大多数样品无机氮超一类海水水质标准,尤其是4 月91.7%的样品超-类海水标准,5 月也有35.7%样品超-类海水标准.硝酸盐氮是无机氮的主要存在形式.2014 年5 月调查期间发生了大面积的赤潮,赤潮原因种是东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）,细胞密度平均在107/L 以上.分析赤潮发生前后的水环境变化,5 月调查海域海水温度有较大上升,各海域水温均超过了20 ℃,海域平均温度从4 月的15.9 ℃上升到5 月的21.9 ℃.通过本次研究发现在营养盐浓度普遍较高的调查海域,水温上升是引发赤潮的关键因素.使用专业统计软件SPSS17 发现赤潮藻类的细胞密度与水温、化学需氧量和溶解氧存在着极显著的正相关（P〈0.01）,与活性磷酸盐、硝酸盐氮和无机氮存在着显著负相关（P〈0.05）.另外本次调查还发现,大面积东海原甲藻赤潮暴发后,活性磷酸盐被大量消耗.综合目前有关东海原甲藻赤潮期间对活性磷酸盐的吸收动力学研究,发现今后应进一步加强这方面的调查研究.     

东北北部温带森林和干草地土壤养分分布及影响因素

土壤是陆地生态系统碳储存的重要场所,其养分变化与全球陆地碳循环密切相关。土壤养分是植物生长的重要保证,而土壤各养分之间是紧密联系的。理解土壤养分变化与环境因素的关系有助于更好地了解陆地生态系统碳、氮、磷循环。本研究以东北北部自东向西沿降水量梯度变化纬度带上的温带森林与干草地生态系统为研究对象,利用气象数据和野外土壤实测数据,分析了纬度带上不同植被类型土壤的有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、速效磷的空间分布格局及其与环境因子（年降水量、年均温、土壤pH值）的关系。研究纬度带上降水量自东向西逐渐减少,植被类型从温带森林过渡到干草原,与降水量和植被类型对应,植被生物量也自东向西呈现从高到低的分布梯度。研究结果表明：从整个研究带上来说,降水量与土壤pH值是土壤养分空间分布的决定因素,沿纬度带从东到西,随着降水量逐渐减少,土壤pH值逐渐增加,而土壤有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、速效磷含量逐渐减少。但如果将森林和草地分别讨论则发现,森林和草地生态系统的土壤养分环境控制因素有较大差别。对于草地生态系统而言,降水量和土壤pH值仍然是其土壤养分含量的控制因子,但森林生态系统由于所处区域降水量充足,降水量不再是其土壤养分的控制因子,降水量只与森林土壤碳氮比呈显著正相关。研究还发现森林土壤的速效磷含量与温度呈正相关,与土壤pH值呈负相关,说明温度对东北北部温带森林的土壤养分含量具有一定的控制作用。     

中国大气降尘地域性分布特征研究

为了研究中国大气降尘量的地域性分布特征,探讨大气降尘的影响因素,文章以中国大气降尘研究为基础,汇总近20年25个行政区44个地区的降尘量数据,以10 t·km-2·month-1为间隔首次划分降尘区间,为中国降尘量标准的制定提供参考。中国大气降尘现有研究多集中在东北部、中东部地区以及西北沙漠地区,降尘量整体分布为北方高于南方,西部多于东部。除涉及强沙尘暴袭击区域外,现有研究区域的降尘量算术平均值为14.73 t·km-2·month-1,53.7%的研究区域降尘量小于该平均值。降尘量少于20 t·km-2·month-1的地区多集中于沿海地区、长江中下游地区以及东北平原地区,此类地区多为旅游景区和重要的商品粮产地,植被覆盖率较高,水土保持性能良好,且不易有较大的风沙侵袭;华北平原地区、内蒙古高原地区和准噶尔盆地一带降尘量相对偏高,此类区域多为重工业区,发展经济的同时造成了不同程度的环境污染和资源掠夺;降尘量最大的地区位于塔里木盆地一带,最大值为2915.96 t·km-2·month-1,属于沙尘暴多发区。大气降尘量虽会在一定程度上受到经济发展、工业布局、能源结构的影响,但更多的是因为其地域性差异而造成降尘量不同。中国现有的各地降尘量的数据较少,且研究区多位于城市等人类活动中心,更多地区的降尘量尚需要进一步研究。     

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

Statistical modeling of radiolytic (60Co g) degradation of Ofloxacin,antibiotic: Synergetic effect,kinetic studies & assessment of its degraded metabolites

Linear, interactive and quadratic effects of process parameters were studied. Degradation of Ofloxacin (Ofx) was related with G value of irradiation process. The synergistic effect of H₂O₂ on lower dose of g-irradiation was established. The process follows pseudo first order with dose constant (d = 0.232 kGy^–1). The impact of human activities in the past few decades has paved the way for the release of pollutants due to the improper effluent treatment. Recent studies revealed that, Ofloxacin, an antibiotic as one of the major pollutant affecting surface water and ground water. In this study, the radiolytic potential of Ofloxacin was investigated. The effects of pH, dose and concentration of Ofloxacin were analyzed using One Factor At a Time (OFAT) and the interactive effects between the parameters were studied using Face Centered Central Composite Design. The statistically optimised developed model shows 30% degradation at initial antibiotic concentration of 1mM at pH 3.0 and at 2 kGy dose of gamma ray. The process efficiency was evaluated in terms of G value and its correlation with the concentration of antibiotic was also established. The process of degradation was augmented by the addition of H₂O₂ (1.5 mM). The reaction kinetics for the process was evaluated, the dose rate constant and the rate of degradation for the augmented process was found to be 0.232 kGy^-1 and 0.232 mM/kGy, respectively. The degraded metabolites of the radiolytic degradation of Ofloxacin were analyzed through change in pH, reduction in TOC and GC-MS spectrum.     

Atmospheric gaseous organic acids in winter in a rural site of the North China Plain

Organic acids are important contributors to the acidity of atmospheric precipitation,but their existence in the Chinese atmosphere is largely unclear.In this study,twelve atmospheric gaseous organic acids,including C₁-C₉ alkanoic acids,methacrylic acid,pyruvic acid,and benzoic acid,were observed in the suburb of Wangdu,Hebei Province,a typical rural site in the northern China plain from 16^th December,2018 to 22^nd January,2019,using a Vocus@Proton-Trans...     

冬季黄东海一氧化碳的分布和海-气通量研究

为探究海洋中一氧化碳（CO）的排放对全球碳循环的意义,于2019年冬季采用顶空法对黄海和东海CO的分布和海-气通量进行了研究.结果表明,调查海域大气中CO的体积分数为239×10^-9~941×10^-9,平均值为（588±155）×10^-9.大气中CO体积分数最高值出现在北黄海近岸站位,最低值出现在东海南部,整体呈现黄海高、东海低的特点,且表现出明显的由近岸向外海降低趋势.表层海水CO浓度为0.39~2.80 nmol·L^-1,平均值为（1.23±0.45） nmol·L^-1.表层海水CO浓度高值区出现在东海东部,低值区出现在东海南部,受太阳光辐射和水团影响较大.CO的垂直分布上,浓度最大值一般出现在表层,随深度增加呈现逐渐降低的趋势.表层海水中过饱和系数α为0.99~8.67,平均值为2.61±1.42.CO海-气通量的变化范围为-0.05~41.38 nmol·m^-2·h^-1,平均值为（9.80±9.70） nmol·m^-2·h^-1.表层海水中CO浓度大多是过饱和的,表明冬季黄海和东海是其上方大气的源.这些数据对于估算全球碳排放具有重要作用.