Evaluation of porous cup soil‐water samplers under laboratory conditions: Comparison of ceramic and PTFE cups

Three different types of soil solution samplers (two ceramic cups and PTFE) were tested in the laboratory to validate their use for collecting soil‐water samples and for monitoring the chemical composition of soil solutions. Interactions between porous materials and chemical solutions were examined under different experimental conditions for several major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺) and anions (HCO^‐ ₃, NO^‐ ₃, SO₄ ^2‐ and Cl^‐) and for several minor ions (NH⁺ ₄, NO^‐ ₄, PO₄ ^3‐and B).

The results show that ceramic cups are not inert for bicarbonate, calcium and phosphate ions. Their use is only valid for a limited number of ions such as chloride and nitrate which, however, are the most studied ions in field experiments. PTFE cups have less restrictions although their use in measuring sulphates, phosphates and ammonium presents some problems.

Choosing the appropriate type of cup depends on the objectives. In any case, laboratory experiments must be performed before installation.     

Environmental impact assessment of a ceramic tile supply chain – a case study

The beginning of the twenty-first century saw a surge in the growth of construction industry, particularly the housing sector in India. This led to the growing demand of ceramic tiles. This growth is responsible for large-scale consumption of natural resources and generation of solid waste. The objective of this paper is to assess the environmental impact of vitrified ceramic floor tile supply chain by performing life cycle assessment (LCA) following international standards of ISO 14040 series guidelines. The impact has been determined by conducting a LCA using Umberto NXT software (eco-invent 3.0 database) with ReCiPe endpoint and midpoint methods. It has been found that the manufacturing stage of supply chain is generating highest impact on environment in all the categories. Impact analysis of different input resources/material shows that red oxide used in glaze preparation, electricity in manufacturing, packaging material, distribution by trucks, installation of tiles using concrete and disposal of packaging material are responsible for most of the environmental impact. This study will offer the essential quantitative assessment to recognise the phases and materials which are highly responsible for the degradation of environment so that appropriate interventions by the different stakeholders can be planed.     

光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网净化室内空气的研究

先制备钛酸溶胶和掺杂Fe3 的钛酸溶胶,用溶胶-凝胶法分别将其负载于具有一定厚度的矩形蜂窝陶瓷三维网载体上,再用程序升温法煅烧.得到复合纳米TiO2光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网.经扫描电镜(SEM)测定,三维蜂窝陶瓷网体上负载膜的厚度为300～400 nm,TiO2的粒径为15～20 nm.将光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网置于光处理箱体内,在紫外光强、循环风量一定的条件下,对容积为72.6 m3和81.4 m3房间进行空气净化.结果表明,无论掺Fe3 与否的TiO2光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网都有净化效果,其中以掺Fe3 的效果最好:当甲醛起始浓度为0.404 mg/m3,18 h的去除率为99.5%;当起始细菌总数为924 cfu/m3,24 h后的灭菌率为99.5%.     

利用多孔陶珠固定化微生物细胞处理印染废水的研究

用自制多孔陶珠载体固定脱色混合菌,在不同pH、温度、增补营养浓度、固定化细胞与废水比率等条件对印染废水的脱色进行了试验.在最适条件下进行填充柱式反应器作扩大处理印染废水,脱色效果良好.     

臭氧组合工艺去除饮用水源水中有机物的效果

研究由臭氧氧化、生物处理、常规处理和活性炭吸附组成的臭氧组合工艺以及各单元工艺对饮用水源水中有机物的去除效果 .结果表明 ,由于预臭氧对有机物的氧化 ,减小了有机物的分子量 ,增加了可生物降解的有机物 ,从而强化了后续的生物处理和活性炭对有机物的去除 .整个工艺对有机物的控制能力很好 ,UV2 54、DOC、BDOC、AOC、THMFP和 HAAFP的去除率分别达到 95.1%、92.5%、98.4%、85.8%、63.1 %和 89.1% .预臭氧-生物陶粒的预处理对各有机物的去除效果在 50%左右 ,常规处理对各有机物的去除不尽相同 ,后臭氧 -活性炭对有机物的去除达到了 60 %左右 .     

界面层对纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料力学性能影响的研究进展

以短切碳纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料、连续碳纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料、碳化硅纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料为对象,综述了近年来关于界面层对FTCMCs破坏模式影响的实验研究工作。从微观力学模型建立、多尺度损伤分析两方面总结归纳了考虑界面层的FTCMCs力学性能模拟分析方法,提出建立切合实际的物理模型以及开发更先进的多尺度分析方法,是解决复杂服役环境下FTCMCs性能表征难题的有效途径。通过多场耦合多尺度建模分析方法来表征和优化FTCMCs的复杂服役环境下性能,系统揭示界面层等微观结构与宏观复合材料性能的对应关系,进而指导工艺设计,均是未来纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料界面层的重点研究方向。     

高温烟气净化用陶瓷纤维管的制备与性能

由于陶瓷纤维材料具有耐腐蚀强、耐高温和机械强度好等优点常常用于高温环境的过滤。主要研究了应用耐高温陶瓷纤维材料制备烟气净化用陶瓷纤维管及其性能分析。利用氧化铝陶瓷纤维及硅灰石纤维长度、直径不同等特征,使用两步成形的方法制成具有复合结构的纤维多孔陶瓷样品。并对影响材料性能的各种因素进行分析和探讨。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和金相显微镜对陶瓷纤维管的显微结构进行了分析和测量。结果表明,如果选择在1 000℃烧成的样品抗折强度为9.7 MPa,4 m/min流速时的阻力为228 Pa,显气孔率达到78%。     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中草酸的研究

实验比较了单独臭氧氧化、蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化剂吸附3种工艺去除水中草酸的降解效果.结果表明,蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化、单独臭氧氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化剂吸附对水中草酸的去除率分别为37 .6%、2 .2%和0 .4%,蜂窝陶瓷催化剂的存在显著提高了臭氧氧化降解水中草酸的去除效果.添加叔丁醇的浓度为5、10和15 mg·L^-1时,催化臭氧化对草酸的去除率分别降低了24 .1%、29 .0%和30 .1%,证明蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中草酸遵循·OH氧化机理,即非均相的催化剂表面强化了·OH的引发.TOC测试结果显示,蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化工艺可以将草酸彻底矿化,无中间产物生成.反应温度与草酸的去除效果成正相关性,当水体温度为10、20、30和40℃时,蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中草酸的去除率分别为16 .4%、37 .6%、61 .3%和68 .2%.     

GDS三轴仪的非饱和土试验操作方法

与传统三轴仪相比,GDS三轴仪有着显著的优势。对GDS三轴仪的组成部分、工作原理和试验过程中的具体操作进行了详细介绍,并应用GDS三轴仪研究了某高心墙堆石坝非饱和土填料的强度特征,得到了该土样的抗剪强度参数。     

风淬钢渣对高炉渣基微晶玻璃性能的影响

以风淬钢渣和高炉渣为主要原料,采用一次烧结法制备微晶玻璃。结果表明,该方法制备的微晶玻璃主晶相为钙铝黄长石(Ca2Al2SiO7),还有少量的镁黄长石(Ca2MgSi2O7),钢渣最大用量达到50%;随着风淬钢渣含量的增加,样品的最佳烧结温度逐渐增加;烧结温度对样品析晶性能的影响明显大于风淬钢渣含量的影响;样品的抗折强度随风淬钢渣的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;样品的密度随风淬钢渣的增加而逐渐减小;直接用风淬钢渣和高炉渣制备出的微晶玻璃具有良好的抗折强度和耐酸碱性,抗折强度最大可达90 MPa,该方法为综合治理冶金渣污染及其综合利用开辟了新的途径。