用副产盐酸和劣质高岭土制备聚合氯化铝

开发出一种用废盐酸和劣质高岭土生产聚合氯化铝的方法。分别考察了焙烧温度，焙烧时间，盐酸用量以及酸浸时间对铝浸出率的影响。试验结果表明；依照该工艺生产的聚合氯化铝，其各项指标符合GB15892-95标准。     

Assessment of the Ecological Integrity of Traunsee (Austria) Via Analysis of Sediments and Benthic Microbial Communities

Since nearly one hundred years Traunsee experiences the import of tons of liquid and solid waste originating from salt and soda production. Today, the lake exhibits chloride concentrations of up to 170 mg L^-1 and 19% of the lake floor are directly or indirectly influenced by industrial deposits (ID). Based on the comparison of several microbial parameters in unaffected, directly affected and intermediate lake bottom sediments, the ecological integrity of the lake was evaluated. The highly alkaline ID, which were exclusively colonized by microorganisms, harbored a bacterial community reduced by a factor of 10 in abundance and biomass compared to undisturbed sediment areas within the lake. The bacterial community of ID was furthermore characterized by a reduced content of actively respiring cells (INT-formazan reduction), a lower frequency of dividing cells (FDC) and a significantly reduced cell and biomass production. A 80 to 90% reduction in carbon recycling is estimated for the area exclusively covered by ID. Protists, although occasionally absent from the industrial sediments, were in general found to be less sensitive to the contaminant stress. Differences in alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of sediment porewaters as well as the total organic content and C/N ratios of sediments partly explain the microbial pattern observed at the various sampling sites. Possible consequences of the continuous industrial tailings for the whole lake ecosystem and the validation of the ecological integrity are discussed.     

TiO2改性柱撑膨润土吸附副品红的性能研究

以钠基膨润土为原料，制备了4种二氧化钛（TiO2）改性柱撑膨润土，并探讨了膨润土的改性方法、投土量、吸附时间、温度及pH值等因素对吸附副品红性能的影响。结果表明：4种TiO2改性柱撑膨润土对副品红的吸附效果明显好于原土；未经煅烧的TiO2改性柱撑膨润土的吸附效果要明显优于经高温煅烧过的柱撑膨润土；掺杂钇的TiO2改性柱撑膨润土的吸附性能略好于未经掺杂的柱撑膨润土；膨润土投土量、吸附时间、温度和pH值均会对柱撑膨润土的吸附效果产生影响；20℃时，4种柱撑膨润土对溶液中副品红的吸附等温线均符合Langrnuir吸附等温方程。     

硫酸钙在Ca-Mg-K-Cl-H_2O体系转化过程中溶解度研究

脱硫石膏常压盐溶液法转化生成α-半水石膏是实现脱硫石膏综合应用的有效途径,文章着重研究了该转化过程中不同种类和浓度的盐溶液对硫酸钙溶解度的影响,以此作为脱硫石膏转晶的重要参数。实验过程中,硫酸钙溶解度测定采用溶解平衡法,结果表明温度、盐的种类及浓度对硫酸钙溶解度影响最为显著。在CaCl2溶液中,由于同离子效应的影响,CaSO·42H2O溶解度随着盐浓度的增加而降低;在MgCl2溶液中,低于4%浓度时CaSO·42H2O溶解度随着盐浓度的增加而逐渐升高,高于4%浓度时溶解度随温度和浓度的变化不明显;在KCl溶液中,CaSO·42H2O溶解度变化总体趋势是随着盐溶液浓度增加而升高。在混合盐溶液中,随浓度增加CaSO·42H2O溶解度有很明显的下降趋势,表明同离子效应影响最显著。     

用重铬酸钾法测定高氯废水中化学需氧量

氯离子是影响水中化学需氧量测定结果准确性的主要干扰因素。当废水中氯离子浓度在2000～8000mg／L时,采用以氯离子浓度为横坐标,其干扰产生的化学需氧量值为纵坐标绘制标准曲线的方法,测定氯离子影响化学需氧量值,用重铬酸钾法的测定值减去氯离子的影响值,得到实际样品的化学需氧量,结果令人满意。     

Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride with high content of Alb or Alc

A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Alb or Alc. 2.52 mol/L PACl1 with 88% Alb and 2.38 mol/L PACl2 with 61% Alc were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl3, PACl1 and PACl2 were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under di erent conditions. The e ects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant e ect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little e ects on Alb and Alc distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl1 and PACl2. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl3 was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl1 and PACl2 with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less a ected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.     

聚合氯化铝中Alb形态去除腐殖酸的效果及机制研究

Al_b形态［Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄⁷⁺］是聚合氯化铝（polyaluminium chloride, PAC）水解-聚合作用中形成的一种粒度小、所带正电荷多、聚集程度高及分子量大的多核羟基配合物.本试验采用乙醇-丙酮混合沉淀法分离PAC溶液中各种铝形态,提纯出Al_b形态（Al_b絮凝剂）.研究投加量、pH及无机离子对Al_b絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样絮凝效果的影响,并利用光散射颗粒分析仪（PDA2000）测定Al_b絮凝剂对腐殖酸絮凝过程中絮体的形成与增长过程的动态变化,结合絮体的Zeta电位,对Al_b絮凝剂的絮凝机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明,当投加量为4.3～6.3 mg/L、pH值为3.0～6.0时,Al_b絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样达到最佳絮凝效果;NH⁺₄、SiO^2-₃、H₂PO^-₄的存在明显抑制其絮凝性能.絮凝动力学过程和絮体Zeta电位表明,Al_b絮凝剂在水处理中主要是通过电中和作用和吸附网捕卷扫作用共同起絮凝作用的.     

关于四川泡菜行业废水排放的几点思考

随着泡菜产业的蓬勃发展及污染治理力度的加大,泡菜行业的废水排放问题已引起了环境管理部门的重视。从四川泡菜行业的产业现状及发展趋势着手,分析了泡菜生产的主要废水产生环节及废水水质特点,着重讨论了目前的泡菜废水处理工艺存在的主要问题,并对此提出了建议。     

测定高氯废水CODcr的方法探讨——硫酸汞添加法

化学需氧量是评价水体中有机物污染的重要指标,通常采用CODcr来表示。在其测定过程中氯离子是影响结果准确性的重要因素。由于氯离子的干扰,高氯废水中化学需氧量测定误差较大,尤其对于高氯低化学需氧量的水样,其干扰更为严重。本文对高氯废水化学需氧量的测定方法以及原理进行了阐述,针对不同范围的化学需氧量,对应采用高浓度重铬酸钾氧化法、低浓度重铬酸钾氧化法来测定,最终确定了一种最直接、简便、准确的方法-硫酸汞添加法来测定高氯废水的CODcr。     

梯级混凝技术在造纸废水处理中的应用

选取聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作混凝剂对速生材造纸中段废水进行了梯级混凝(即混凝及其污泥回流)处理,考查了pH值、PAC投加量、污泥回流量等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明,当废水pH值为6.5～8.2、PAC用量3 mL/L、污泥回流量为40%～60%时,实验效果明显优于传统混凝方式,COD由400 mg/L降至100 mg/L左右,去除率达75%。出水pH值为7.5～8.2,符合国家排放标准,并满足造纸回用水要求。