Bed Stability and Sedimentation Associated With Human Disturbances in Pacific Northwest Streams1

Abstract: To evaluate anthropogenic sedimentation in United States (U.S.) Pacific Northwest coastal streams, we applied an index of relative bed stability (LRBS*) to summer low flow survey data collected using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program field methods in a probability sample of 101 wadeable stream reaches. LRBS* is the log of the ratio of bed surface geometric mean particle diameter (D_gm) to critical diameter (D*_cbf) at bankfull flow, based on a modified Shield’s criterion for incipient motion. We used a formulation of LRBS* that explicitly accounts for reductions in bed shear stress that result from channel form roughness due to pools and wood. LRBS* ranged from ?1.9 to +0.5 in streams within the lower quartile of human riparian and basin disturbance, and was substantially lower (?4.2 to ?1.1) in streams within the upper quartile of human disturbance. Modeling results suggest that the expected range of LRBS* in streams without human disturbances in this region might be generally between ?0.7 and +0.5 in either sedimentary or volcanic lithology. However, streams draining relatively soft, erodible sedimentary lithology showed greater reductions in LRBS* associated with disturbance than did those having harder, more resistant volcanic (basalt) lithology with similar levels of basin and riparian disturbance. At any given level of disturbance, smaller streams had lower LRBS* than those with larger drainages. In sedimentary lithology (sandstone and siltstone), high‐gradient streams had higher LRBS* than did low‐gradient streams of the same size and level of human disturbance. High gradient streams in volcanic lithology, in contrast, had lower LRBS* than low‐gradient streams of similar size and disturbance. Correlations between D_gm and land disturbance were stronger than those observed between D*_cbf and land disturbance. This pattern suggests that land use has augmented sediment supplies and increased streambed fine sediments in the most disturbed streams. However, we also show evidence that some of the apparent reductions in LRBS*, particularly in steep streams draining small volcanic drainages, may have resulted in part from anthropogenic increases in bed shear stress. The synoptic survey methods and designs we use appear adequate to evaluate regional patterns in bed stability and sedimentation and their general relationship to human disturbances. More precise field measurements of channel slope, cross‐section geometry, and bed surface particle size would be required to use LRBS* in applications requiring a higher degree of accuracy and precision, such as site‐specific assessments at individual streams.     

Urban Land Use,Channel Incision,and Water Table Decline Along Coastal Plain Streams,North Carolina1

Abstract: This study evaluates the effects of urban land use on stream channels and riparian ground‐water levels along low‐order Inner Coastal Plain streams in North Carolina. Six sites with stream catchments of similar size (1.19‐3.46 km²) within the Tar River Basin were selected across an urban land use gradient, as quantified by a range of catchment total impervious area (TIA; 3.8‐36.7%). Stream stage and ground‐water levels within three floodplain monitoring wells were measured manually and using pressure transducers from May 2006‐June 2007. Channel incision ratio (CIR), the ratio of bank height to bankfull height, was also measured at each monitoring site and along stream reaches within the study area (12 urban and 12 rural sites). Riparian ground‐water levels were inversely related to catchment TIA (%). As TIA (%) and stormwater runoff increased, the degree of stream channel incision increased and riparian ground‐water tables declined. In urban floodplains (>15% TIA), the median ground‐water level was 0.84 m deeper than for the rural settings (<15% TIA). This has resulted in a shift to drier conditions in the urban riparian zones, particularly during the summer months. CIR was found to be a reliable surface indicator of “riparian hydrologic drought” in these settings.     

特长公路隧道独立排烟道结构高温安全性研究

特长公路隧道的火灾安全尤其是火灾通风排烟问题日益受到特别的关注。苍岭隧道是一座长度超过7 km的公路隧道,根据多方咨询意见,其通风排烟系统采用带独立排烟道的纵向通风模式。为了判断排烟道顶隔板结构在火灾高温下的安全性,以火灾动态模拟软件FDS的分析结果为温度边界条件,通过ANSYS对火灾下与常温下顶隔板的内力及变形进行了对比分析,探讨了顶隔板在火灾下的破坏规律,得出了火灾下顶隔板的临界破坏温度及其沿隧道的纵向破坏范围。     

Development and Comparison of Multiple Regression Models to Predict Bankfull Channel Dimensions for Use in Hydrologic Models

Channel dimensions are important input variables for many hydrologic models. As measurements of channel geometry are not available in most watersheds, they are often predicted using bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships. This study aims at improving existing equations that relate bankfull width, depth, and cross‐sectional area to drainage area (DA) without limiting their use to well‐gauged watersheds. We included seven additional variables in the equations that can be derived from data that are generally required by hydrologic models anyway and conducted several multiple regression analyses to identify the ideal combination of additional variables for nationwide and regional models for each Physiographic Division of the United States (U.S.). Results indicate that including the additional variables in the regression equations generally improves predictions considerably. The selection of relevant variables varies by Physiographic Division, but average annual precipitation (PCP) and temperature (TMP) were generally found to improve the models the most. Therefore, we recommend using regression equations with three independent variables (DA, PCP, and TMP) to predict bankfull channel dimensions for hydrologic models. Furthermore, we recommend using the regional equations for watersheds within regions from which data were used for model development, whereas in all other parts of the U.S. and the rest of the world, the nationwide equations should be given preference.     

Multi-effects of gravity and geometric flow channel on the performance of continuous microbial fuel cells

Nowadays microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a rapidly evolving field and studied extensively because of their simultaneous dual functions of decomposing organic waste matter and eco-power generation. Now, facing their low power density, multiple effects including various gravity conditions ranging from 0 G to 2 G and three kinds of geometric flow channel (serpentine channel, serpentine tapered channel and bio-mixer channel) in MFCs were studied because of their ability to significantly impact the performance of MFCs.Numerical simulation technology, with its significant lessening of time needed and saving experimental costs required was used in this study. Results show that a better power performance was found at a condition of 0.125 G and Reynolds number Re = 41.3 regardless of flow channel in MFCs. In addition, the bio-mixer channel of the flow channels in MFCs will have a better performance than the other two channels because of its lower pressure drop and higher power generation. These findings will provide useful information on enhancing the performance of MFCs, especially with the application of low gravity conditions in the future.     

交错齿槛型泥石流排导槽研究初探

排导槽是一种常见的泥石流防治措施,提出了交错齿槛槽定义,即该类槽是指由两束流侧墙及置于其间交错排列的梯级齿槛群构成的一种新型泥石流排导槽,根据流域面积与沟床纵比降可分为3种类型;详细分析了交错槽的结构特征,并根据泥石流的不同阶段阐述了泥石流在交错槽中的流态形式;最后从消能机制、冲刷磨蚀、生态效益等方面将交错槽与东川槽等常规阶梯深潭系统做了比较,指出交错齿槛槽具有明显的优势,为进一步研究泥石流与交错齿槛的作用机制、泥石流在其中的排导特征等打下基础。     

Brief exposure to copper induces apoptosis and alters mediators of olfactory signal transduction in coho salmon

Pacific salmon are particularly susceptible to copper (Cu)-induced olfactory injuries that can ultimately inhibit neurobehaviors critical to survival. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Cu-mediated olfactory impairment remain poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted a short-term Cu exposure at levels relevant to urban runoff (5, 25 and 50 ppb) , and investigated the roles of impaired olfactory signal transduction and induced apoptosis as underlying mechanisms of olfactory injury. Increased cell death in the olfactory epithelium was evident in coho receiving 4 h exposures to 25 and 50 ppb Cu. Expression of olfactory marker protein (omp), a marker of mature olfactory sensory neurons, also decreased at 50 ppb Cu. Immunohistochemical analysis of coho olfactory epithelium demonstrated a loss of type 3 adenylate cyclase (ACIII) in the apical olfactory epithelium cilia at all levels of Cu exposure, suggesting an inhibitory effect of Cu in olfactory signaling. Accompanying the loss of ACIII in Cu-exposed coho were reduced intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in the olfactory rosettes. Collectively, these results support a linkage among the initial steps of olfactory signaling in Cu-induced salmon olfactory injury, and suggesting that monitoring olfactory cGMP levels may aid in the assessment of salmon olfactory injury.     

人工湿地植物床-沟壕系统水质净化效果

嘉兴市石臼漾湿地以仿拟自然界的植物床-沟壕系统为主要结构单元,以人工湿地生态根孔技术为核心净化技术,将河网源水主要水质指标提高了一个类别.为探索该系统以及根孔净化技术的优化途径,于2010年5～10月在湿地内构建了16个并联的植物床-沟壕单元,以正交设计手段研究根孔构筑方式、植物组合和强化介质3种因素对人工湿地植物床-沟壕系统水质净化效果的影响.综合考虑水质净化效果、工程施工难易程度、建设及运行维护成本等情况,推荐人工湿地植物床-沟壕系统的优化途径为:根孔构筑方式采用上、下两层秸秆填埋方式,植物组合优选芦苇+菰,在植物床局部采用适量方解石作为强化介质.比较了中试强化区和大工程区的水质净化效率,结果显示:强化后的植物床-沟壕系统具有进一步提升湿地水质净化效果的潜能,对总氮、总磷、氨氮等水质指标去除率提高幅度约为20%～40%.因此在保证湿地处理水量的前提下,控制大渠过水量、增加植物床-沟壕系统内根孔区的过流量可以发挥该系统更好的水质净化效果.     

汾渭平原吕梁市颗粒物潜在源及输送通道分析

基于汾渭平原吕梁市2017~2019年颗粒物浓度监测数据和地面气象观测数据,利用后向轨迹聚类分析法以及潜在源贡献函数(PSCF)等方法研究了吕梁市冬季PM₁₀和PM_2.5大气污染特征及其潜在源区,最后结合轨迹密度分析法(TDA)、轨迹停留时间分析法(RTA)对轨迹聚类分析得到污染输送通道进行补充分类,并分析了不同输送通道的输送特征.研究发现,吕梁市2017~2019年颗粒物年均浓度逐年下降,其中PM₁₀下降了28μg/m³,PM_2.5下降了17μg/m³,冬季下降幅度最大.3a冬季风向风速和浓度的统计分析表明吕梁市颗粒物浓度受东北和西南风影响最为显著,其原因是受当地三川河河谷地形的影响.影响吕梁市PM₁₀污染的潜在源区主要位于西南方向,PM_2.5污染的潜在源区主要分布在西南、东和东南方向,颗粒物污染输送通道可概括为:西北、西南和偏东(东+东南)通道.西北通道气流移动速度快,途经新疆、内蒙、甘肃和陕西北部等区域;西南通道气流移动速度慢,主要途经陕西中南部渭河平原等污染严重的区域;偏东通道的气流移动速度慢,气流先沿太行山东麓南下,在经过太行山的横断山谷(太行陉、井陉等)时转向进入山西.PM₁₀污染时西北通道贡献最大,偏东通道贡献最小,且两个通道下绝大多数发生的均是轻度污染,占比都在90%左右;PM_2.5污染时三类通道下发生轻度污染的比重较PM₁₀均下降,西南和偏东通道下发生中度污染以上的比重在50%左右,且西南和偏东通道途经的区域恰好是PSCF计算得到的潜在源区位置,说明了西南和偏东气流容易将细颗粒物输送至吕梁.WRF (天气预报模式)的风场模拟较为直观的解释了三类污染输送通道,且复杂地形是形成污染输送通道的一个重要因素.西北和西南污染输送通道主要受吕梁山脉的影响,偏东污染输送通道主要受太行山及其横谷的影响.     

中山市2000~2014年霾天气特征及气象影响因子

利用中山市2000~2014年气象资料及2013~2014年环境监测站资料,分析中山市霾特征及气象影响因子,结果表明,中山市霾日数年际变化明显,最少为11d,出现在2005年;最多为134d,出现在2008年.霾天气主要发生在秋冬季节,霾日数最多的月份是1月,平均为10.5d.霾日PM_2.5的平均浓度是非霾日的2.26倍,PM_2.5是霾天气的重要污染物.中山市霾日典型天气形势有7种:大陆高压型、海上高压型、均压场型、冷锋前部型、台风外围下沉气流型、槽前脊后型、低压槽型.其中以大陆高压型占比例最高,为52.03%,冷锋前部型造成的能见度最低.气流轨迹聚类分析表明,影响中山的气流轨迹有7类,主要来源于东北方向的大陆和偏东方向的沿海;在东北方向气流轨迹影响下,污染物浓度较高;在东部沿海的气流轨迹下,能见度较低,表明中山市的霾天气受区域传输影响显著.