Brief exposure to copper induces apoptosis and alters mediators of olfactory signal transduction in coho salmon

Pacific salmon are particularly susceptible to copper (Cu)-induced olfactory injuries that can ultimately inhibit neurobehaviors critical to survival. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Cu-mediated olfactory impairment remain poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted a short-term Cu exposure at levels relevant to urban runoff (5, 25 and 50 ppb) , and investigated the roles of impaired olfactory signal transduction and induced apoptosis as underlying mechanisms of olfactory injury. Increased cell death in the olfactory epithelium was evident in coho receiving 4 h exposures to 25 and 50 ppb Cu. Expression of olfactory marker protein (omp), a marker of mature olfactory sensory neurons, also decreased at 50 ppb Cu. Immunohistochemical analysis of coho olfactory epithelium demonstrated a loss of type 3 adenylate cyclase (ACIII) in the apical olfactory epithelium cilia at all levels of Cu exposure, suggesting an inhibitory effect of Cu in olfactory signaling. Accompanying the loss of ACIII in Cu-exposed coho were reduced intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in the olfactory rosettes. Collectively, these results support a linkage among the initial steps of olfactory signaling in Cu-induced salmon olfactory injury, and suggesting that monitoring olfactory cGMP levels may aid in the assessment of salmon olfactory injury.     

交错齿槛型泥石流排导槽研究初探

排导槽是一种常见的泥石流防治措施,提出了交错齿槛槽定义,即该类槽是指由两束流侧墙及置于其间交错排列的梯级齿槛群构成的一种新型泥石流排导槽,根据流域面积与沟床纵比降可分为3种类型;详细分析了交错槽的结构特征,并根据泥石流的不同阶段阐述了泥石流在交错槽中的流态形式;最后从消能机制、冲刷磨蚀、生态效益等方面将交错槽与东川槽等常规阶梯深潭系统做了比较,指出交错齿槛槽具有明显的优势,为进一步研究泥石流与交错齿槛的作用机制、泥石流在其中的排导特征等打下基础。     

Magnitude,Frequency, and Duration Relations for Suspended Sediment in Stable (“Reference”) Southeastern Streams1

Abstract: Sediment is listed as one of the leading causes of water‐quality impairments in surface waters of the United States (U.S.). A water body becomes listed by a State, Territory or Tribe if its designated use is not being attained (i.e., impaired). In many cases, the prescribed designated use is aquatic health or habitat, indicating that total maximum daily loads (TMDL) targets for sediment should be functionally related to this use. TMDL targets for sediment transport have been developed for many ecoregions over the past several years using suspended‐sediment yield as a metric. Target values were based on data from “reference” streams or reaches, defined as those exhibiting geomorphic characteristics of equilibrium. This approach has proved useful to some states developing TMDLs for suspended sediment, although one cannot conclude that if a stream exceeds the target range, the aquatic ecosystem will be adversely impacted. To address this problem, historical flow‐transport and sediment‐transport data from hundreds of sites in the Southeastern U.S. were re‐examined to develop parameters (metrics) such as frequency and duration of sediment concentrations. Sites determined as geomorphically stable from field evaluations and from analysis of gauging‐station records were sorted by ecoregion. Mean‐daily flow data obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey were applied to sediment‐transport rating relations to determine suspended‐sediment load for each day of record. The frequency and duration that a given concentration was equaled or exceeded were then calculated to produce a frequency distribution for each site. “Reference” distributions were created using the stable sites in each ecoregion by averaging all of the distributions at specified exceedance intervals. As with the “reference” suspended‐sediment yields, there is a broad range of frequency and duration distributions that reflects the hydrologic and sediment‐transport regimes of the ecoregions. Ecoregions such as the Mississippi Valley Loess Plains (#74) maintain high suspended sediment concentrations for extended periods, whereas coastal plain ecoregions (#63 and 75) show much lower concentrations.     

地震堰塞湖人工排泄断面优化初探

汶川8.0级特大地震诱发了以唐家山堰塞湖为典型的大量堰塞湖,对上下游人民生命财产安全造成了严重的威胁和危害。对震后堰塞湖的处置成为今后次生山地灾害减灾的一大关键性课题。在回顾和总结唐家山堰塞湖的应急排险经验的基础上,对泄流槽纵、横断面的优化进行了初步的探讨。同时在开挖过程中,也应考虑堰塞体组成物质、抗冲稳定性、施工设备等因素选择泄流槽体型。震后5～10年是泥石流、滑坡灾害的活跃期,发生大规模泥石流、滑坡堵江事件的可能性也随之增加,期望研究能够为堰塞湖的排险处理提供一定的技术参考。     

竖形槽道模型中火旋风的发生与旋转规律研究

火旋风是森林火灾中经常发生的一种特殊火行为。作为一种复杂的包舍化学反应的有旋流动,火旋风在不同的可燃物种类和物理条件,以及不同的环境流场条件下,会表现出复杂的动力学特征。本文设计了一个在边角对称开有缝隙的六棱柱体火旋风发生装置,探讨了火旋风特征参数的测量方法,实验模拟了火旋风的发生与发展,对火旋风的温度分布、速度和燃烧时间随燃料和环境条件的变化规律进行了比较分析。     

生活必需品应急储备渠道监测技术研究与应用

为有效监测生活必需品的应急储备情况,改善储备工作中的不足,确保储备质量,提升保障能力。在分析国内外生活必需品应急储备工作的基础上,对监测准备、数据采集加工、监测分析、储备评估等关键环节展开研究。提出了融合多种手段的全方位监测数据采集与集成技术,基于数据挖掘和知识发现的多维分析与预测预警技术,以及结合责任、风险、反馈与保障能力的综合评估技术,形成了全面、动态、智能的生活必需品应急储备渠道监测体系,并运用系统工程的思想和方法,借助物联网和地理信息系统等技术,构建了生活必需品应急储备一体化渠道监测平台。研究成果有利于提前发现问题,减少风险,优化储备计划,节省储备成本,提高储备质量与保障能力,具有非常重要的现实意义。     

广州港出海航道疏浚对珠江口水质影响及预防措施

主要介绍了广州港出海航道疏浚情况及其对珠江口水质影响以及疏浚过程中采取一些预防措施。     

AVERAGE DISCHARGE,PERENNIAL FLOW INITIATION,AND CHANNEL INITIATION ‐ SMALL SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BASINS1

ABSTRACT: Regional average evapotranspiration estimates developed by water balance techniques are frequently used to estimate average discharge in ungaged streams. However, the lower stream size range for the validity of these techniques has not been explored. Flow records were collected and evaluated for 16 small streams in the Southern Appalachians to test whether the relationship between average discharge and drainage area in streams draining less than 200 acres was consistent with that of larger basins in the size range (> 10 square miles) typically gaged by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This study was designed to evaluate predictors of average discharge in small ungaged streams for regulatory purposes, since many stream regulations, as well as recommendations for best management practices, are based on measures of stream size, including average discharge. The average discharge/drainage area relationship determined from gages on large streams held true down to the perennial flow initiation point. For the southern Appalachians, basin size corresponding to perennial flow is approximately 19 acres, ranging from 11 to 32 acres. There was a strong linear relationship (R²= 0.85) between average discharge and drainage area for all streams draining between 16 and 200 acres, and the average discharge for these streams was consistent with that predicted by the USGS Unit Area Runoff Map for Georgia. Drainage area was deemed an accurate predictor of average discharge, even in very small streams. Channel morphological features, such as active channel width, cross‐sectional area, and bankfull flow predicted from Manning's equation, were not accurate predictors of average discharge. Monthly baseflow statistics also were poor predictors of average discharge.     

外源碳氮输入对沟道底泥反硝化潜势与阈值影响——以宁夏引黄灌区排水沟为研究对象

采集宁夏引黄灌区排水沟道底泥,开展上覆水土柱培养试验,分别模拟0,5,10,20mg/L 4种外源氮输入梯度和0,100mg/L 2种外源碳输入梯度处理下沟道水质的变化情况.在水力停留培养47d内对上覆水NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、DOC及反硝化速率进行测定,并计算氮素消纳量以评估底泥反硝化脱氮潜势与阈值.结果表明：上覆水NO₃^--N浓度随时间延长而降低（P<0.01）,且同时段内上覆水NO₃^--N浓度在外源碳添加较无碳源条件下显著降低（P<0.05）,试验末期NO₃^--N浓度在无碳源和添加碳源条件下分别下降52.1%,93.6%;添加碳源条件下上覆水NO₃^--N浓度在20d时已稳定至较低水平,而未添加碳源处理NO₃^--N浓度在试验47d后仍有较大消纳空间;无碳源和添加碳源条件下底泥反硝化氮素消纳量阈值分别为263.7,865.6μmol/L,氮素累积消纳量占培养柱体系内总氮量的比率随外源碳氮的增加而增大（P<0.05）,未添加碳源条件下反硝化过程可以消纳培养土柱体系内10.3%~11.4%的氮量,而在添加碳源后提高至17.7%~37.3%本研究可为引黄灌区农业面源污染高效治理提供科学依据.     

REHABILITATION OF WATERSHEDS WITH INCISING CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: Channel incision is a pervasive problem that threatens infrastructure, destroys arable land, and degrades environmental resources. A program initiated in 1983 is developing technology for rehabilitation of watersheds with erosion and sedimentation problems caused by incision. Demonstration projects are located in 15 watersheds in the hills of northwest Mississippi. Watershed sizes range from 0.89 to 1,590 km², and measured suspended sediment yields average about 1,100 t km^-2-yr^-1. Water quality is generally adequate to support aquatic organisms, but physical habitat conditions are poor. Rehabilitation measures, which are selected and laid out using a subjective integration of hydraulic and geotechnical stability analyses, include grade controls, bank protection, and small reservoirs. Aquatic habitat studies indicate that stone-protected stilling basins below grade-control weirs and habitats associated with drop pipes and stone spur dikes are assets to erosion-damaged streams. Additional recovery of habitat resources using modified stone stabilization designs, woody vegetation plantings, and reservoir outlets designed to provide non-zero minimum flows is under investigation.