Bankfull Regional Curves for the Alleghany Plateau/Valley and Ridge,Piedmont, and Coastal Plain Regions of Maryland

Regional curves are empirical relationships that can help identify the bankfull stage in ungaged watersheds and aid in designing the riffle dimension in stream restoration projects. Bankfull regional curves were developed from gage stations with drainage areas less than 102 mi² (264.2 km²) for the Alleghany Plateau/Valley and Ridge (AP/VR), Piedmont, and Coastal Plain regions of Maryland. The AP/VR regions were combined into one region for this project. These curves relate bankfull discharge, cross‐sectional area, width, and mean depth to drainage area within the same hydro‐physiographic region (region with similar rainfall/runoff relationship). The bankfull discharge curve for the Coastal Plain region was further subdivided into the Western Coastal Plain (WCP) and Eastern Coastal Plain (ECP) region due to differences in topography and runoff. Results show that the Maryland Piedmont yields the highest bankfull discharge rate per unit drainage area, followed by the AP/VR, WCP, and ECP. Likewise, the Coastal Plain and AP/VR streams have less bankfull cross‐sectional area per unit drainage area than the Piedmont. The average bankfull discharge return interval across the three hydro‐physiographic regions was 1.4 years. The Maryland regional curves were compared to other curves in the eastern United States. The average bankfull discharge return interval for the other studies ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 years.     

REHABILITATION OF WATERSHEDS WITH INCISING CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: Channel incision is a pervasive problem that threatens infrastructure, destroys arable land, and degrades environmental resources. A program initiated in 1983 is developing technology for rehabilitation of watersheds with erosion and sedimentation problems caused by incision. Demonstration projects are located in 15 watersheds in the hills of northwest Mississippi. Watershed sizes range from 0.89 to 1,590 km², and measured suspended sediment yields average about 1,100 t km^-2-yr^-1. Water quality is generally adequate to support aquatic organisms, but physical habitat conditions are poor. Rehabilitation measures, which are selected and laid out using a subjective integration of hydraulic and geotechnical stability analyses, include grade controls, bank protection, and small reservoirs. Aquatic habitat studies indicate that stone-protected stilling basins below grade-control weirs and habitats associated with drop pipes and stone spur dikes are assets to erosion-damaged streams. Additional recovery of habitat resources using modified stone stabilization designs, woody vegetation plantings, and reservoir outlets designed to provide non-zero minimum flows is under investigation.     

MODELING MULTIPLE CRITICAL DEPTHS1

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the occurrence of multiple critical depths in one-dimensional computational models of open channel systems. The mathematical formulation is reviewed, including examination of the number of possible roots by Descartes' Rule. Governing equations and dependent variables are scrutinized using two compound cross sections. Occurrence tendencies are reviewed for singular channels. Critical flow is introduced as a tool to determine the existence and location of computationally based multiple critical depths. A strategy to manage multiple critical depths in existing one-dimensional steady or unsteady models is proposed.     

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CHANNEL MODIFICATION1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this literature review is to identify and quantify the effects of channelization and to examine the feasibility and acceptability of alternative methods of flood control. In the past 150 years, over 200,000 miles of stream channels have been modified. Channelization can affect the environment by draining wetland, cutting off oxbows and meanders, clearing floodplain hardwoods, lowering ground water levels, reducing ground water recharge from stream flow, and increasing erosion sedimentation, channel maintenance, and downstream flooding. Channelization reduces the size, number, and species diversity of fish in streams. In a wet climate, the fishery requires less than 10 years to fully recover. However, in the drier climates, the fishery may never fully recover. In general, channel modifications have performed as designed for flood abatement. The Arthur D. Little Study (1973) reported that direct benefits estimated during channelization planning have been conservative and that damage reduction has been impressive. Diking seems to be a viable alternative to channel dredging. Dikes minimize destruction of wetland and eliminate the need for removing vegetation from the existing stream banks.     

CHANNEL MODIFICATION AND MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY DIVERSITY IN SMALL STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: The principal objective of this study was to investigate the long-term, temporal effect of channel modification in the diversity of macroinvertebrates. Correlation analyses suggest that aquatic macroinvertebrate communities stabilize shortly after channel modification. This conclusion is based on correlation analyses including five widely accepted diversity indices for stream reaches that have undergone channel work from less than 1 year to more than 30 years prior to the study.     

电除尘器末端微细粉尘收集装置研究

电除尘器末端是针对二次扬尘超细粉尘颗粒的收集的最后一道屏障。通过分析前人在此方面开展研究的技术成果基础上,集成多项技术,探索一条经济性较高的电除尘器增容提效改造的途径。     

Stream and Retention Pond Thermal Response to Heated Summer Runoff From Urban Impervious Surfaces1

Abstract: Runoff from parking lots during summer storms injects surges of hot water into receiving water bodies. We present temperature data collected near urban storm sewer outfalls in Blacksburg, Virginia, using arrays of sensors in a stream and a stormwater pond. Surges occurred roughly a dozen times per month, ranging up to 8.1°C with average duration 2 h in the stream and up to 11.2°C with average duration 7 h in the pond. Surges were larger in the pond due to a larger contributing watershed, no dilution by upstream water, and cool background temperatures near the outfall. Surges began abruptly, warming at rates averaging 0.2°C/min for periods of 5‐20 min. Surges dissipated as they propagated into the water bodies, travelling further in the stream (>19 m) than the pond (～10 m) consistent with greater advection in the stream. Surges were largest and most frequent in the afternoon but occurred at all times of day and night. Stream surges exhibited two phases: an early high‐temperature low‐volume input from the storm sewer and a later low‐temperature high‐volume input from upstream. Surges at the pond did not exhibit two phases, consistent with inputs only from storm sewers. Surges are likely common in urban areas, and may cumulatively have consequences for aquatic organisms, biogeochemical process rates, and even human health. Such effects may be compounded by urban heat islands and climate change, so prevention or mitigation should be considered.     

水污染物排放总量控制方法研究--以无锡城北地区为例

水环境已经成为整个苏南地区经济发展的制约因素之一,为实现经济效益与环境效益协调发展,对水污染物排放实行总量控制至关重要。在对无锡城北地区水污染物负荷、水环境现状及水环境功能充分调查的基础上,结合该区域的水文特征和排水规划,统计分析出区域内水污染物的排放总量,根据污水集中处理方案,计算出区域水污染物的削减量,然后运用河网水质模型,预测水污染物削减后河流水质改善状况,以改善后水环境质量为本底值,以下游水环境保护目标的环境功能为控制要求,反推该区域在污水实行集中处理后所能接纳的水污染物排放总量。通过科学计算得知区域水环境纳污能力为19.8 t/d,由此确定的经济规模有限,必将制约地方经济的发展,提出了扩大水环境纳污能力的有效途径,并提出了建设无锡地区污水入江通道的设想。     

含柔性植被明渠污染物浓度场分布规律试验研究

利用平面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）技术对含柔性淹没植被明渠污染物浓度场进行试验研究.固定排污口于植被顶部,分析不同淹没度、不同植被密度下含植被水流浓度场的扩散规律.试验结果表明,随着淹没度的增加,污染物浓度沿流向下降变快,完全混合所需距离缩短;随着植被密度的增加,污染物浓度沿流向下降变快,完全混合所需距离缩短.随着淹没度的增加,垂向浓度半宽比横向浓度半宽大,垂向上的标量输移占主导地位.     

FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY FOR NATURAL STABLE CHANNEL DESIGN1

A fluvial geomorphological methodology for designing natural stable channels is being widely applied for river restoration. It is an analogue procedure, as the W/d ratio and sinuosity from a reference reach are scaled to determine the restoration design. The choice of reference reach is crucial and published criteria specify that it should be stable, correspond to the stream type at the restoration site, have the same valley type, and be from the same hydrophysiographic region. For stable, meandering gravel cobble bed rivers flowing through alluvial flood plains (C3 and C4 stream types), UK regime equations are used to evaluate the procedure. Successful design requires particular combinations of the ratios of bankfull discharge, bed material size and load, valley slope, and bank vegetation category between the reference and restoration sites. These critical ratios, which are confirmed by U.S. field data, provide guidelines for selecting a suitable reference reach for C3‐C4 stream types. They also indicate that the reference reach can be in any valley type or hydrophysiographic region. The geomorphological procedure will apply to all stable stream types, provided the reference reach is correctly identified. Specific guidelines for each stream type await the development of additional regime equations.