上海河道浮游植物群落结构时空变化特征及影响因素分析

为探究上海河道浮游植物群落结构时空变化特征及影响因素,于2018年9～10月(秋季)和2019年7～8月(夏季)对上海中心城区、新城镇和农村地区河道总计44个样点的水环境和浮游植物群落结构进行调查.结果表明:①秋季和夏季浮游植物种类均以绿藻门为主,其次为蓝藻和硅藻;浮游植物密度以蓝藻占据绝对优势;浮游植物种类和密度均是夏季>秋季,分别高出24%和2.77倍,硅藻门种类略微上升,而裸藻门种类稍微下降;秋季微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)优势度明显(Y=0.16),而夏季则无占绝对优势的优势种.②各地区浮游植物种数无明显变化;浮游植物密度和蓝藻门密度均呈现农村>新城镇>中心城区的规律,秋季3个地区的浮游植物密度无显著差异(P>0.05),而在夏季农村所有浮游植物和蓝藻门密度显著高于中心城区(P<0.05),分别高出1.82和1.93倍.③蒙特卡洛检验结果表明,影响秋季和夏季浮游植物群落结构的主要因子分别为透明度(SD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、浊度(Turb)和TN、 Turb、 SD、 pH.冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,秋季新城镇河道浮游植物群落...     

宿迁市PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源分析

为了研究宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源,于2017年5月至2018年1月在宿迁市水汽通道上的3个监测点位采集了171份PM_2.5样品,分析了PM_2.5质量浓度以及9种水溶性无机离子含量.结果表明,宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的年均浓度为(44.08±34.61)μg·m^-3,占PM_2.5质量的41.8%, 9种水溶性离子浓度大小排序为ρ(NO^-₃)>ρ(SO₄^2-)>ρ(NH⁺₄)>ρ(Cl^-)>ρ(Na⁺)>ρ(Ca²⁺)>ρ(K⁺)>ρ(F^-)>ρ(Mg²⁺),其中NO^-₃、 SO...     

长江口邻近水域浮游植物群落动态变化及其环境因子的研究

根据1998-2003年长江口邻近水域(30°-32°N,121°27′-122°30′E),丰水期和枯水期10个航次、20个点位的海洋监测结果,对浮游植物动态变化及其环境影响因子进行了研究。6年内共检出浮游植物238种,其中大部分为硅藻。研究结果表明,深水航道附近水域中,浮游植物种类、丰度和生物多样性均呈下降趋势。相反,航道内浮游植物总丰度呈直线上升(R=0.81,P<0.05)。对航道内12个环境因子做主成分分析,盐度、溶解氧、硅酸盐和浊度为主要环境主要因子。其中浊度和硅酸盐与浮游植物群落变化关系密切,是影响浮游植物群落动态变化的关键因子,并受深水航道工程影响。     

含柔性植被明渠污染物浓度场分布规律试验研究

利用平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)技术对含柔性淹没植被明渠污染物浓度场进行试验研究.固定排污口于植被顶部,分析不同淹没度、不同植被密度下含植被水流浓度场的扩散规律.试验结果表明,随着淹没度的增加,污染物浓度沿流向下降变快,完全混合所需距离缩短;随着植被密度的增加,污染物浓度沿流向下降变快,完全混合所需距离缩短.随着淹没度...     

交通运输航道噪声的预测方法及其防治措施

交通运输航道产生的噪声是航道两岸声环境污染的重要来源.随着人们环境保护意识的增强,对交通运输航道噪声的影响评价及防治越来越受到重视.结合环境评价实例,提出了交通运输航道噪声预测评价方法,并给出了一些防治措施.     

Distribution and ratios of Cs and K in control and K-treated coconut trees at Bikini Island where nuclear test fallout occurred: effects and implications

Coconut trees growing on atolls of the Bikini Islands are on the margin of K deficiency because the concentration of exchangeable K in coral soil is very low, ranging from only 20 to 80 mg kg⁻¹. When provided with additional K, coconut trees absorb large quantities of K and this uptake of K significantly alters the patterns of distribution of ¹³⁷Cs within the plant. Following a single K fertilization event, mean total K in trunks of K-treated trees is 5.6 times greater than in trunks of control trees. In contrast, ¹³⁷Cs concentration in trunks of K-treated and control trees is statistically the same while ¹³⁷Cs is significantly lower in edible fruits of K-treated trees. Within one year after fertilization (one rainy season), K concentration in soil is back to naturally low concentrations. However, the tissue concentrations of K in treated trees stays very high internally in the trees for years while ¹³⁷Cs concentration in treated trees remains very low in all tree compartments except for the trunk. Potassium fertilization did not change soil Cs availability.     

Hydraulics Near Unscreened Diversion Pipes in Open Channels: Large Flume Experiments

Most of the water diversions on the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers (California, United States) and their tributaries are currently unscreened. These unscreened diversions are commonly used for irrigation and are potentially harmful to migrating and resident fishes. A large flume (test section: 18.29 m long, 3.05 m wide and 3.20 m high) was used to investigate the hydraulic fields near an unscreened water diversion under ecologically and hydraulically relevant diversion rates and channel flow characteristics. We investigated all combinations of three diversion rates (0.28, 0.42, and 0.57 m³/s) and three sweeping velocities (0.15, 0.38, and 0.61 m/s), with one additional test at 0.71 m³/s and 0.15 m/s. We measured the three‐dimensional velocity field at seven cross sections near a diversion pipe and constructed regression equations of the observed maximum velocities near the pipe. Because the velocity components in three directions (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) were significantly greater near the diversion pipe inlet compared with those farther from it, they cannot be neglected in the modeling and design of fish guidance and protection devices for diversion pipes. Our results should be of great value in quantifying the hydraulic fields that are formed around fish guidance devices to design more effective protection for fishes from entrainment into unscreened water‐diversion pipes.     

长江口南港北槽河床底质时空分布特征分析

在前人研究及大量长时间、连续、大范围河床底质现场采样资料的基础上,对长江口南港北槽河床底质时空分布特征进行了初步分析,并从河床底质的角度对长江口深水航道回淤物质来源进行了初步的探讨。研究表明:长江口河床质具有总体较细、上粗下细以及时空分布不均匀等特点;南港北槽河床质的变化与风浪掀沙、底沙过境、洪枯季变化等因素有关;南港段河床质季节性变化大于北槽;南港河段河床底质有细化的趋势;长江口深水航道回淤物质偏粗且与周边河床质组成相近,航道回淤应关注滩槽泥沙以近底高含沙水流方式的交换。     

界牌河段航道整治工程对白Ji豚和长江江豚影响评价研究

界牌河段航道整治工程于１９９４年动工,１９９８年基本结束。为了防止在施工过程中对白Ｊｉ豚和长江江豚造成意外伤害,并对整治河估的环境变化对白Ｊi豚和长江江豚的影响 作出了评价,作者在１９９５年至１９９９年在界牌河段对白Ｊi豚和江豚的活动和航道整治前后的情况进行了监测。调查结果表明,介牌般道在整 治过程中没有对白Ji豚和江豚造成伤害,原来百航严重的界牌航道得到了有效的整治,同时也有利于白Ｊi豚和江豚的活动     

基于FTA法的潜射武器通道可靠性分析

应用故障树分析法,对潜射武器通道可靠性进行了分析,建立了该系统的故障树,并在此基础上计算了武器通道的可靠性参数.讨论了部件的概率重要度和关键重要度,结合所建的故障树给出了相应的结果.通过重要度分析,找到了提高系统可靠性的途径.